Why do I get so sad or angry when my significant other wants to go out..

Difficulties with primary attachment figures during childhood can affect your ability to have healthy relationships with partners as an adult. Those same insecure attachment patterns can repeat themselves. From your description, it sounds like you may have an anxious attachment style. This attachment style is rooted in fears of abandonment and an insecurity of being under-appreciated (https://www.mindbodygreen.com/articles/anxious-attachment-style).

The good news is you can learn and become more secure as you have positive interactions with your partner. It would be good to consider your partner's attachment style. There are online quizzes you can take to identify both of your attachment styles (https://www.attachedthebook.com/wordpress/compatibility-quiz/).  If your partner has a secure attachment style this can be helpful for you. If your partner has past attachment issues themselves that can make it more difficult for you to mutually connect and be available for each other. I highly recommend the book "Attached: The New Science of Adult Attachment and How It Can Help You Find — and Keep — Love" by Amir Levine and Rachel Heller to learn more about attachment and how to heal from past ruptures and build more secure relations with your current partner. Research shows that change is possible! 

You specifically mentioned thinking your partner should always want to be around you and that you get upset if he doesn't. This is an example of an anxious attachment response. It might help to identify needs you have, including how your partner can meaningfully connect with you when you are together so that you can start to feel more safe in your relationship. As this strengthens hopefully you can take steps to be apart and begin to trust that your partner will be there for you when you are back together (this is known as a "secure base" in attachment theory). Though it sounds like there may be some trust issues you need to process through before you're ready to start this.

Relationships are vulnerable and part of secure attachment is being available to each other as partners but not depending on the other for your sense of worth and identity. You mentioned that you didn't used to be bothered by your biological father. It might be good to explore what triggered this current distress and if there is some work you need to do before you can progress in this romantic relationship. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) might be another good place to start. DBT helps you learn how to deal with strong emotions, teaching skills like mindfulness, radical acceptance and distress tolerance.