Seasonal Depression Explained

Medically reviewed by Majesty Purvis, LCMHC
Updated July 19, 2024by BetterHelp Editorial Team

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), also referred to as seasonal depression, is generally a type of depression that appears to be related to seasonal changes, often starting in the fall and continuing through the winter months. Although it may be a widespread condition, it can be challenging to diagnose and treat, and many individuals may live with it without realizing exactly what they’re experiencing. This condition may result from a lack of sunlight in the fall and winter months, but other factors can include genetics, age, latitude, and personal history. Seasonal depression can often be treated with light therapy, lifestyle changes, and online or in-person talk therapy.

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Could you be living with seasonal affective disorder?

Symptoms of seasonal affective disorder

It can be important to note that not everyone experiences the same symptoms of seasonal depression. However, some common indicators of this type of depression can include the following:

  • Low energy levels and fatigue
  • Loss of interest in activities
  • Feelings of hopelessness, guilt, or worthlessness
  • Changes in appetite, particularly an increase in cravings for carbohydrates
  • Weight gain
  • Excessive sleeping or difficulty sleeping
  • Struggles with concentration
  • Social withdrawal

If you have been experiencing these symptoms for two or more consecutive winters and they tend to alleviate in the spring or summer, it may be possible that you could have SAD.

Potential causes of seasonal depression

There may not be a sole cause of seasonal depression, but researchers believe SAD may be linked to reduced sunlight during the fall and winter months. The lack of the sun can disrupt your circadian rhythms and lead to an imbalance in hormones, such as serotonin and melatonin.

Other factors that may contribute to the development of SAD may include:

Genetics

Individuals with a family history of depression might have a higher risk of developing SAD. This could suggest that there might be a genetic component to the development of seasonal depression.

Age & life stage

SAD primarily affects individuals between the ages of 18 and 30. This time in young adulthood often involves significant changes and transitions, which may potentially lead to the development of depression.

Latitude in relation to the equator

People who live farther from the equator may be more susceptible to developing SAD due to the more significant changes in daylight that they tend to experience. This may disrupt their circadian rhythms and lead to an imbalance in hormones like serotonin and melatonin, potentially contributing to seasonal depression.

Personal history

Individuals with a history of depression or other mood disorders may have a higher risk of developing SAD. This could be due to a genetic predisposition or a history of negative thought patterns and behaviors, which could make them more susceptible to developing depression.

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Possible solutions for seasonal depression

If you suspect you might be living with seasonal depression, seeking assistance from a licensed health care or mental health provider can be crucial. They may diagnose your condition and recommend the most appropriate treatment. Some of the common treatment strategies for SAD can include those listed below.

Light therapy

According to the American Psychiatric Association, light therapy can be an effective treatment for SAD. Light therapy typically entails exposing yourself to bright light for a specific period of time each day. This may help control your circadian rhythm and enhance your mood. It can be particularly helpful for individuals who live in the northern climates, where there might be less sunlight. Light boxes should generally be used under the supervision of a physician to ensure their safety and effectiveness.

Medication

Medication may be effective in treating SAD, but it’s always best to consult your doctor regarding questions about medication and supplements.

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy, or talk therapy, can help you better understand your feelings and behaviors and provide you with tools to manage them. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is generally a type of psychotherapy that can be effective in treating SAD.

Lifestyle changes

In addition to seeking professional help, there may be several lifestyle changes you can make to manage your seasonal depression.

  • Exercise regularly: Exercise has often been shown to improve mood and reduce symptoms of depression, and simple walks around the block may go a long way. 
  • Get outside: Spending time outdoors in natural light may improve your mood and manage your circadian rhythm.
  • Focus on nutrition: Consuming a variety of vitamins and minerals may boost your mood and energy levels.
  • Practice good sleep hygiene: Sleeping enough and maintaining a consistent sleep schedule can alleviate depression symptoms.
  • Connect with others: Social support is often crucial in managing depression, so staying connected with friends and family can be essential. Joining a support group or seeking help from a mental health professional may also be beneficial.
  • Keep up with hobbies: Engaging in activities you enjoy can boost your mood, reduce symptoms of depression, and give you something to look forward to.
  • Manage stress: Stress frequently worsens symptoms of depression, so it can be best to find healthy ways to manage stress, such as practicing mindfulness, meditation, and yoga. 

While the above strategies may help relieve symptoms of SAD, if you’re experiencing severe depression and/or thoughts of suicide, you can seek help immediately by contacting the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline. You can call or text for help 24/7 in English or Spanish.  

Benefits of online therapy

One significant benefit of online therapy may be that it can provide individuals with the tools to understand and manage their feelings and behaviors. This can be particularly relevant for individuals with seasonal depression, as they may experience a range of emotions and symptoms that can be difficult to cope with. 

It can be particularly beneficial that individuals can attend online therapy from any location with an internet connection at a time that fits their schedule. When attempting to cope with SAD, it can be challenging to get ready and get out of the house to attend therapy sessions in person, so the opportunity to get help from home can be appealing.

Effectiveness of online therapy

A 2019 study examined the efficacy of online therapy in treating depression and found that “depression symptom severity was significantly reduced after the use of the multimodal digital psychotherapy intervention.” In addition, the study noted that “users of BetterHelp experienced significantly reduced depression symptom severity after engaging with the platform.” Online therapy may also help with any comorbid mental health conditions, such as bipolar disorder or substance use disorder.

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Could you be living with seasonal affective disorder?

Takeaway

Seasonal depression is a mental illness that affects many individuals, but it can be treated and managed. If you suspect you might have SAD, it can be beneficial to seek help from a physician who can help you determine the most appropriate course of treatment for you. Whether it's light therapy, medication, psychotherapy, or lifestyle changes, many possible solutions are available to manage seasonal depression and enhance your quality of life. Remember that you are not alone, and help is available. With online therapy, you can connect with professional support and the tools you deserve to understand and manage your depression symptoms effectively.

Depression is treatable, and you're not alone
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