What Is Manic Depression And How Does It Relate To Mental Health?
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Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic depression, is a prevalent and severe mental health condition characterized by significant emotional swings. Depressed mood and low energy levels are typical during depressive episodes, while elevated moods and high energy levels occur during manic or hypomanic episodes. Distinguishing bipolar disorder from other disorders—like borderline personality disorder, severe depression, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)—requires a thorough mental health evaluation. Bipolar disorder is treatable, and many individuals find that their mood symptoms are stabilized through a combination of treatment options, such as antidepressant medication and therapy.
People diagnosed with bipolar disorder may experience intense emotional shifts, including manic or depressive episodes, that can dramatically alter how they feel, think, and act. Shifting episodes occurring four or more times per year are classified as rapid cycling, though some people with bipolar disorder can experience daily oscillations in mood. Experiencing rapid cycling does not mean the pattern is permanent or lifelong. Adjustments in bipolar disorder care, such as modifying treatment plans, may effectively reduce the occurrence of rapid cycling and help maintain a more normal mood instead of experiencing swings between manic and depressive episodes.
Depressive episodes
Sadness is a common emotion for most people, but those experiencing depressive episodes describe periods of negative thoughts that extend beyond general sadness. A five-year study of people with bipolar disorder found that it takes individuals in a depressive cycle 11 weeks, on average, from the time of initial symptoms of depression to return to a state without diagnosable mental health conditions. Many people experiencing a depressive episode, including mild depression or bipolar depression, experience some of the following symptoms:
- Difficulty focusing
- Low energy and/or motivation
- Trouble sleeping, oversleeping, or general changes in sleep patterns
- Little interest in activities that were once enjoyable
- Feeling lonely, worthless, or both
- Change in eating habits
- Feeling extended periods of sadness or unhappiness
- Isolating behavior from friends, family members, and loved ones
- Thoughts of suicide
Manic episodes
During depressive episodes, many people with bipolar disorder may experience symptoms of major depressive disorder. During manic episodes, however, symptoms are different.
Symptoms of manic episodes might include:
- Impulsive decision-making
- Racing thoughts or speaking quickly
- Experiencing high levels of energy
- Delusions of grandeur
- Engaging in risky behaviors
- Feeling extremely confident, excited, or irritable
- Needing less sleep
- Experiencing paranoia and/or hallucinations
Though the heightened energy levels of a manic episode may sound like a positive emotional change to some, many people with bipolar disorder experience serious concerns during mania. Symptoms such as an irritable mood, anger, and a lack of control can be challenging to manage. Bipolar I disorder is diagnosed during manic episodes.
Diagnosis and mental health care for bipolar disorder
Psychosis is a mental health term that describes hallucinations and grandiose delusions. Studies suggest that half of individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder may experience some degree of psychotic symptoms within their lifetime. Individuals experiencing psychosis may be misdiagnosed as schizophrenic or with related disorders, and this may be particularly common amongst Black and Hispanic individuals. A medical doctor should evaluate you in person, taking a careful history to make an accurate diagnosis. 80-90% of people with bipolar disorder have a family member with depression or bipolar disorder, so your doctor will also look at your family history.
Assessment standards for bipolar disorder in adults and children have improved significantly within the past decade. During assessment, a medical doctor (such as a psychiatrist) will evaluate mood fluctuations and determine if you meet the criteria for any type of bipolar disorder. Bipolar I (manic depressive), Bipolar II (major depression and less severe hypomanic cycles), or unspecified bipolar disorder are the categorizations used to classify the condition. A doctor may diagnose you with a less severe form of bipolar disorder or another mental/neurodevelopmental disorder (e.g., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder). In children, diagnosing bipolar disorder can be more challenging because they commonly experience mixed episodes with symptoms of both mania and depression. People with bipolar II disorder may have additional mental health conditions that increase the severity of their symptoms of bipolar disorder.
Sometimes, bipolar disorder can be confused with other mental health or neurodevelopmental conditions. For example, symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can mimic those of a manic or hypomanic episode. A mental health professional may need to differentiate between the two conditions in some cases. In others, bipolar disorder and ADHD might be comorbid. Research suggests that 10-20% of adults with bipolar disorder live with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
How do mood swings work?
Though many people living with diagnosed bipolar disorder experience symptoms that enable early detection of a bipolar episode, mood swings can be unpredictable. They may occur gradually, or they can occur abruptly, and they can last for hours, weeks, or months at a time. As described by Dr. David A. Merrill for Forbes Health, the reoccurrence of mood swings is “the expectation, not the exception” because the disorder is characterized by these mood oscillations. A therapist can help you work to recognize overstimulation and things that may make the occurrence of episodes more likely, and you can keep a mood journal to document how your emotions change over time. With proper treatment and support from organizations like the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance, individuals can better manage their condition and even prevent bipolar disorder episodes.
Triggers in bipolar and mania
Though there is not always a trigger for a manic or depressive episode, there can be. Changing jobs, living situations, or other circumstances can be triggers. Certain types of medication can trigger mania, as well. For example, research suggests that stimulants used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder can cause or exacerbate mania. Other things, such as drug or alcohol use, traumatic experiences, changes in relationship status, lack of quality sleep, or anything else that causes heightened stress or excitement, can initiate an episode. You can familiarize yourself with some of the common warning signs of a potential manic or hypomanic episode to help you possibly better mitigate and manage them.
What is manic depression treatment, and how does it relate to bipolar and mania?
Bipolar disorder is a long-term, cyclical disorder, so long-term treatment is recommended for most people. Mania and depressive episodes require tailored treatment approaches. A mixture of psychotherapy and medications, such as mood stabilizers, is typically recommended.
Medication requires careful management from a physician who is experienced in treating bipolar disorder. For example, some people may find it difficult to adhere to their medication treatment plan during phases of mood swings. In these cases, there are medication approaches that can be helpful in reducing rates of “breakthrough symptoms.” Additionally, antidepressant use is not recommended for patients with diagnosed bipolar disorder, so if you have previously been diagnosed with depression and prescribed antidepressants, your care provider may seek to change your medications, or you can discuss doing so with them. A medical or mental health professional can explain the efficacy, side effects, and treatment duration of a specific medication.
Therapy can be a helpful strategy for people with bipolar disorder to improve well-being and life satisfaction. Through therapy, participants can also address comorbid mental health concerns, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). You may find therapy modalities such as interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) and FFT may be helpful. If symptoms of bipolar disorder are treatment resistant, a healthcare provider may recommend a brain stimulation therapy, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
How mental health care and talk therapy can help
An online therapist can help you learn about your disorder and develop the tools to recognize and navigate your symptoms. Accessing mental health care through talk therapy can provide valuable support and coping strategies. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective in reducing the severity of mania and the rate of relapsing for people with bipolar disorder. A 2017 study of online CBT, which is offered from sites like BetterHelp, found that it is effective in managing symptoms of bipolar disorder. Additionally, online therapy can be less costly for some, and you may find it easier to stick with therapy sessions because it’s often more convenient.
Takeaway
Bipolar disorder, formerly called manic depression, is very common. When someone exhibits symptoms of mood swings and emotional instability, often transitioning between a manic episode and depressive episode, it's crucial to consult a mental health professional to get a proper evaluation and potentially have bipolar disorder diagnosed and their bipolar disorder treated. Symptoms are characterized by significant mood swings, and an in-person physician can provide a diagnosis and treatment plan to help you manage your disorder. Online therapy can be an effective part of your strategy to manage your symptoms and recognize early signs of a manic or depressive episode.
What is manic depression, and what does it mean to be manic depressive?
The statement ‘manic depressive’ refers to an individual living with bipolar disorder, which used to be called manic depressive illness or manic depression. Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness that involves extreme shifts in mood and energy. Bipolar disorder symptoms involve several different mood episodes: an elated or energized state (called manic episodes), and feeling down or hopeless (depressive episodes).
Under the classification of mood disorders, several types of bipolar disorder exist: bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder. While there is no sure way to prevent bipolar disorder, identifying early symptoms and seeking early intervention are essential to treat bipolar disorder effectively.
What are the symptoms of a manic-depressive personality?
Manic-depressive illness (bipolar disorder) is a mental illness that includes several different mood episodes: mania, hypomania, depression, and mixed episodes.
An individual undergoing a manic episode will likely display elevated energy or irritability, increased confidence and talkativeness, decreased need for sleep, loss of appetite and weight loss, racing thoughts, and impulsive decision-making. Some individuals show symptoms called hypomania. Hypomanic episodes involve less severe symptoms of mania.
People with bipolar disorder will then experience depressive episodes. Depression symptoms include feeling sad or down, changes in eating or sleeping patterns, loss of interest in usual activities, feelings of hopelessness, and thoughts of death and suicide.
Individuals with bipolar disorder are found to be at increased risk for suicide. It is crucial for those living with bipolar disorder to work with a mental health professional to create a safety plan for suicide prevention.
What is manic behavior?
Manic and hypomanic episodes are associated with a mental illness called bipolar disorder. An individual undergoing a mood episode called mania may display elevated energy, irritability, increased confidence and talkativeness, decreased need for sleep, loss of appetite and weight loss, racing thoughts, and impulsive decision-making. In severe manic episodes, hallucinations and delusions may be experienced. Consult with a healthcare professional if you are experiencing symptoms of a manic episode. Mental health information and services are offered online through BetterHelp.
Is manic-depressive personality the same as bipolar disorder?
Yes! Bipolar disorder, formerly referred to as manic depression, is a mental illness that affects about 2.6% of the American population. Under the classification of mood disorders, there are several types of bipolar disorder: bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder.
Individuals with a family history of mental illness (such as bipolar disorder or major depression) are more likely to develop it.
Substance and alcohol misuse can be associated with bipolar disorder. There is a significant link between bipolar disorder and substance abuse; the National Institute of Mental Health found that at least 60% of people with bipolar I disorder develop a substance abuse disorder.
Having bipolar disorder is also shown to elevate one’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
What are the four types of bipolar?
Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness that is common in the American population. The exact cause of the condition is not yet known. However, experts believe that genetics, changes in the brain, and environmental factors (e.g., stress or a traumatic event) may contribute to its development. To be diagnosed with the condition, an individual must have experienced at least one episode of mania or hypomania.
The National Institute of Mental Health describes the four types of bipolar disorder and related disorders.
The first is bipolar I disorder, which is defined by a pattern of manic episodes that last at least one week (which may require hospitalization). Although major depressive episodes are not required for diagnosis, this condition often includes depressive episodes, which usually last at least two weeks. Mixed states may also occur, which is when manic symptoms and depressive symptoms occur at the same time.
Bipolar II disorder refers to shifting between hypomanic episodes (as opposed to full-blown mania seen in bipolar I) and major depressive episodes.
Cyclothymic disorder (a milder form of bipolar disorder) is diagnosed when an individual displays hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms. Symptoms are less severe than major depressive episodes and do not fit into the criteria for either a hypomanic or depressive episode.
There may also be individuals who experience symptoms of bipolar disorder that do not fit neatly into one of the major categories.
To diagnose bipolar and related disorders, a healthcare professional will examine your medical history and assess signs and symptoms. They may also perform blood tests to rule out other medical conditions. A mental health professional uses the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to diagnose the type of bipolar disorder a person has.
Can bipolar go away with treatment, such as talk therapy?
Like any mental illness, there is no cure, but one can learn to manage the symptoms of their disorder. Many individuals find that talk therapy improves their coping skills. Effective treatment for bipolar disorder includes psychotherapy, medications (including mood stabilizers and antipsychotics), and support groups.
Bipolar disorder typically needs medication, such as a mood stabilizer, antipsychotic medication, and antidepressants. They are not a cure, but they may help reduce the severity of mood symptoms. Psychotherapy can be an effective part of a bipolar disorder treatment plan. CBT helps identify and reframe unhelpful emotions and behaviors. IPSRT emphasizes techniques to manage stress and encourage medication adherence. Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition. However, psychotherapy and medication may help treat bipolar disorder symptoms.
The American Psychiatric Association mentions that bipolar disorder may create stressful situations in the family. Hence, family members may also find therapy beneficial. They may learn coping strategies while actively participating in the treatment process.
Who is a famous person with bipolar disorder?
Mariah Carey has been open about her experience living with bipolar II disorder, which is a mental illness that includes hypomanic episodes (as opposed to full-blown mania) and depressive episodes.
What is a bipolar person like?
Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness where individuals undergo a pattern of manic episodes and depressive episodes.
Manic and hypomanic episodes are the common signs of a person with the condition. An individual undergoing a manic episode will likely display elevated energy or irritability, increased confidence and talkativeness, decreased need for sleep, loss of appetite and weight loss, racing thoughts, and impulsive decision-making. Hypomanic episodes involve less severe symptoms of mania.
People with bipolar disorder will then experience depressive episodes. Depression symptoms are the same as those of major depression. These may include depressed mood or feeling sad or down, changes in eating or sleeping patterns, loss of interest in usual activities, feelings of hopelessness, and thoughts of death and suicide.
Bipolar disorder can co-occur with other mental health conditions or mental disorders, such as anxiety disorders, ADHD, and substance use disorders. A study shows the association between bipolar disorder and drinking alcohol. Further, individuals with bipolar disorder are found to be at increased risk for suicide. It is crucial for those living with bipolar disorder to work with a mental health professional to create a safety plan for suicide prevention.
How do bipolar people act?
Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness characterized by severe mood swings, where individuals undergo a pattern of manic episodes and depressive episodes.
During a manic episode, an individual may appear to have an elevated amount of energy or excitement. They may display irritability or agitation, increased confidence, and talkativeness, and make impulsive decisions around spending money or risky sexual behavior. Some may show reckless behavior, such as substance and alcohol misuse.
During a depressive episode, an individual will likely appear sad or down, show a loss of interest in usual activities, and have extreme fatigue.
Bipolar disorder can also occur in children and teens. Pediatric bipolar disorder is characterized by mood swings and irritable mood among other symptoms. During a manic phase, the child may feel overly excited, energetic, or irritable. During bipolar depression, a child may feel very sad, sleep too much, and become extremely tired. It is possible to treat bipolar disorder. Consulting a mental health specialist for bipolar disorder in children may help with a comprehensive evaluation and treatment plan.
Can bipolar people tell they are bipolar?
Despite being a common mental illness, many individuals may not be aware that they have bipolar disorder. Health information articles show that it can take up to ten years between the emergence of symptoms and an individual being diagnosed with bipolar disorder! Symptoms often look different in each individual, as different types of bipolar disorder present differently (types include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder).
If you are experiencing warning signs of bipolar disorder, such as mania/hypomania or depression symptoms, seek out the support of a healthcare professional who can provide health information and help you formulate a treatment plan.
What should you not say to someone with bipolar?
Unhelpful statements for anyone with a mental illness, such as bipolar or other related disorders, include “just stop feeling so down” or anything that shames the individual or implies that their mental illness is their fault. Instead, try validating their feelings and experiences. Use statements such as “I am here for you” and encourage them to seek the support they need.
Is bipolar a disability?
Though bipolar disorder is one of the serious mental health conditions, and is considered a disability, not everyone is guaranteed disability payments. The Social Security Administration follows specific guidelines for determining disability based on mental health conditions.
Does Bipolar get worse as you age?
Bipolar disorder, a mental health disorder recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, can happen to anyone. The onset may be in early childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. The American Psychiatric Association mentions that the average onset occurs during a person’s mid-20s.
According to health information articles, it is possible for symptoms of bipolar disorder to become exacerbated over time, particularly if left untreated. Treatment for bipolar disorder includes psychotherapy, medications (including mood stabilizers and antipsychotics), and support groups.
What is a good job for a bipolar person?
It is crucial for people with mental illness to prioritize a consistent sleep pattern. Therefore, jobs that offer flexible daytime hours are typically best. An individual may consider part-time work if a stressful work schedule could create stress that exacerbates symptoms of mental illness.
The American Psychiatric Association mentions that individuals with bipolar disorder generally experience an unstable mood. Working while having the condition requires taking care of your well-being. There are some things you can do to avoid experiencing full-blown manic and depressive episodes.
- Get enough sleep.
- Avoid drinking alcohol and using recreational substances.
- Take medications as prescribed.
- Be aware of your symptoms.
- Develop coping strategies in therapy to manage stress.
- Exercise to improve mood and minimize weight gain (common side effects of medications).
Can someone with bipolar have a normal relationship?
Absolutely! People living with mental illness can have healthy and happy partnerships. It will likely take effort on both parts to learn more about how symptoms of bipolar disorder might present and work together to ensure both individuals have the support they need.
Bipolar disorder may co-occur with other mental health conditions. Couples facing this situation may strengthen their relationship by maintaining open communication, practicing self-care, and seeking professional help.
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