Imagine this scenario: You see someone dressed only in pure white with a halo spreading a soft glow of light. What do you think of that person? Would you expect the person to be a criminal? Of course not. You assume that person is good because of that halo. This image beautifully illustrates the "halo effect" that theorists and researchers have studied for many years. If you're guilty of this cognitive bias, you're not alone. As you'll learn in this article, we all do it, and we're all affected by it. Most of the time, we're not even aware of it.
When your overall impression of someone overrides any specific judgments you might have to the contrary, you're being influenced by the "halo effect." This is what happens when you form a general impression that someone is good, and then you assume their other qualities are positive as well. Once you see them in a positive light, you either don't notice or explain away any evidence that doesn't fit the way you see them.
The first social psychologist to identify and name this effect was Edward Thorndike. In 1920, he presented his theory of the halo effect in an article called "A Constant Error in Psychological Ratings" published in the Journal of Applied Psychology. His article was based on interviews with commanding military officers who were evaluating their soldiers.
Thorndike noticed the ratings of one positive characteristic were often correlated with other positive ratings. To be more specific, he saw that soldiers who were judged favorably in physique were also rated highly in leadership, intellect, loyalty, and other positive qualities. He also noted that once an officer had a negative view of a soldier, they rated them negatively on all measures. His hypothesis of the halo effect has been studied closely ever since because it's an important cognitive bias.
Another thing to remember about the halo effect, as well as other cognitive biases, is that they happen unconsciously. You don't deliberately choose to ignore important information. Instead, you deceive yourself without being consciously aware of it.
Although the name implies something positive, the halo effect can also refer to an overall negative impression. For example, if you hear your new boss berating an innocent employee on your first day on the job, you may form an overall negative impression of the boss. Even if he later apologizes to the employee or has other redeeming qualities, you may still continue to believe that he's a "bad" boss. This could be considered a "reverse" halo effect, which is sometimes called the "horns effect."
The halo effect is one type of cognitive bias, which is a mistake in cognitive processes like reasoning and memory. When you have a cognitive bias, you hold onto your beliefs despite evidence to the contrary. The halo effect represents a definite cognitive bias because, once you form an overall impression, you may work very hard to manipulate new evidence to fit your impression, whether it fits or not.
Researchers have found many examples of the halo effect as described in social psychology textbooks. Read on to learn how it occurs in many different areas of society.
When a person is physically attractive, it's easy to form a positive impression of them, even when you know very little about them. For example, many people have a positive impression of Hollywood actors. If you see an attractive actor and assume they're trustworthy or friendly, you're experiencing the halo effect. After all, you've never met them, so you know nothing about their character and personality. Nonetheless, you feel a sense of comfort with them because you're making a wide range of positive judgments based on your favorable impression of their physical appearance.
In one study of the halo effect, participants were given three photos: one of an attractive person, one of an average person, and one of an unattractive person. Then, they were asked to rate these three people not on their physical appearance, but on a variety of personality traits, including altruism, stability, and kindness. They were also asked to guess which person would be happiest in several different areas of their lives. In the end, participants thought the attractive person would have other socially desirable qualities and would also be happiest of the three people.
Because the halo effect can apply to both people and objects, marketers use it to promote products and services. In marketing, the halo effect refers to a consumer's preference for products they've never used because they've had positive experiences with that brand or product line.
This theory helps marketers recognize how consumers see whatever they're marketing. As such, consumer researchers must account for the halo effect to gather information that's accurate enough to help them sell their product or service.
The Halo Effect in Politics
Politics is a perfect arena for the halo effect. Most voters only get snapshot views of the candidates before they vote. They may see a video of a speech or read a short news article. In other words, they see the candidate's photo or hear the candidate's voice, but it's very hard to learn about someone's true character with this limited information.
Researchers have found that political candidates who are considered to be attractive and familiar are more likely to win an election. Another study found that when people saw an attractive candidate, they assumed that candidate was more knowledgeable, even if there was evidence to the contrary.
The Halo Effect in Academia
Teachers and students evaluate each other and can also fall victim to the halo effect. In one study, researchers videotaped an interview with an instructor to study this phenomenon.
In one video, the instructor behaved warmly and kindly. In another video, the instructor altered his behavior and expressions to appear cold and remote. Researchers then showed these videos to students and asked them to rate the instructor on other qualities not presented in the videos. Students who saw the first video rated the instructor positively across all other personality traits, but students who saw the second video consistently gave him negative ratings.
In another study, male undergraduates were given essays to read. Some were poorly-written, while others were of high quality. In addition, some essays were paired with a photo of a physically attractive woman or a photo of an unattractive woman, while others had no photo at all. Then, the students were asked to evaluate their essay. Researchers found that those who read the poor-quality essay rated it better when the essay was paired with a photo of an attractive woman.
The Halo Effect in the Judicial System
The halo effect may happen in the judicial system as well. In one study, participants were asked to complete mock jury tasks. When the person on trial was physically attractive, the mock jurors were less likely to be sure the defendant was guilty and generally recommended a lighter sentence.
When is the Halo Effect Likely to Happen?
The halo effect is more likely to occur in certain situations. For example, if you're unfamiliar with someone, you're more likely to form a general overall impression of them. After all, when you know someone well, you have more opportunities to see their different characteristics and be exposed to the different ways they behave.
After you form an overall positive opinion of someone, you're more likely to see their other personality traits as positive, particularly if those personal qualities are ambiguous, difficult to pin down, or subjective. It's as if you give that person the benefit of the doubt when there is no clear, direct, or definitive reason to think they're bad in any way.
Finally, when you believe a person or object is popular, you're more likely to form an overall positive impression of them. In this case, you're less likely to alter your opinion, even after you receive evidence to the contrary.
These three factors increase the likelihood that the halo effect will happen. They can also affect the degree to which it affects your thinking. If the halo effect is strong, you may not be able to shake your original impression under any circumstances, but if the halo effect is weak, it may only influence your judgment a little bit or temporarily.
Does it Help if You're Aware of the Halo Effect?
Now that you're aware of the halo effect, you may be wondering if it still applies to you. Many people think they won't be affected once they know about their biases, but research tells a different story.
It may surprise you, but the warning didn't have an effect.
With that in mind, how can we make sure we're being objective when we approach a decision or a situation? Talk therapy is one tool that can help. If you work with a licensed counselor, you can learn tools to combat cognitive biases. We'll talk about this option at the end of the article.
What to Do if You Feel You're Being Judged Unfairly Due to the Halo Effect
Unfortunately, people judge each other unfairly in many situations. These judgments can play a role in everything from your social life to your career to your close relationships. If you feel others are judging your character based on an unfair general impression, you may need help changing their perceptions and possibly your own as well.
There are many different strategies you can use to improve others' impressions of you. You can also work on grooming your communication skills to give others a more favorable impression.
Most importantly, you need to feel secure in your physical attractiveness, skills, and abilities. Through therapy, you can develop this self-esteem, change your perceptions of attractiveness and improve your mental health. You can also learn to recognize the halo effect in yourself, so you can make more accurate judgments and better decisions.
If you want to discuss how you may be influenced by the halo effect and its effect on your mental health, you can talk to a licensed mental health counselor at BetterHelp. Together, you can make a plan for resolving these and other mental health issues from wherever and whenever are most convenient for you. Remember that both the halo and the horns effect (reverse halo effect) are false perceptions that can be changed with time and effort. If you want to correct these cognitive biases or work on other mental health challenges, we're here to help.
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"I love working with Jeanette. She's thoughtful in her approach and doesn't hesitate to help you recognize when you're finding yourself in similar thought patterns. I've been working with her for over a year and I am really happy with the progress we've made together."
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Whether you're guilty of judging others or you're the victim of the halo effect, you can get through it. Everyone experiences cognitive biases, and it's possible to overcome them with the right tools. Take the first step today.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is the halo effect in social psychology?
“Halo effect” is a phrase coined in 1920 by American social psychologist Edward Thorndike in his Journal of Applied Psychology article “A Constant Error in Psychological Ratings.” Thorndike used the term to describe our tendency to form a positive impression of another person (or a company, brand, product, etc.) based on a generalization about what we view as good and bad. The halo effect phenomenon when you form a general impression that someone is good based on one characteristic, and then you assume their other qualities are also positive or look past their negative traits. The halo effect is a type of cognitive bias, and in conducting his research, Edward Thorndike's goal was to explore how our assessment of one quality carried over to our assessments of other qualities.
What is an example of the halo effect?
There are many well-document examples of the halo effect in action. For example, if you see a photograph of a person who is well-groomed, physically attractive and dressed in designer clothes, you assume that the person is a good person. Your perceptions of attractiveness is rooted in your individual and societal preferences and cognitive biases. Businesses take advantage of the halo effect when marketing goods and services. In marketing, the halo effect refers to a consumer's preference for products they've never used because they've had positive experiences with that brand or product line manufacturer.
What is meant by Halo Effect?
In a religious context, an illuminated halo crowns the heads of saints, and the heavenly icon has thus become associated with goodness. Under the halo effect, an individual makes a positive determination about a person based on one positive characteristic (in other words, their halo).
What causes the halo effect?
Studies show that physical attractiveness can produce a halo effect and that halo effect is influenced by social perception. This study found that a thin white woman was perceived by observers to be more successful and to have a better personality than a heavier white woman. The same study showed that a heavy Black woman was perceived by observers to be more successful and to have a better personality than a thinner Black woman.
Other research points to the halo effect in the workplace and in educational settings. Kristen Rasmussen writes in the Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology, Volume 1, 2008:
"In the classroom, teachers are subject to the halo effect rating error when
evaluating their students. For example, a teacher who sees a well-behaved student
might tend to assume this student is also bright, diligent, and engaged before that
teacher has objectively evaluated the student's capacity in these areas. When these
types of halo effects occur, they can affect students' approval ratings in certain
areas of functioning and can even affect students' grades."
What is the difference between halo effect and stereotyping?
Although there are similarities between the halo effect and stereotyping, there is an important distinction to keep in mind. When we stereotype someone, we conclude that the person will behave a certain way because they belong to a particular group. For instance, assuming that all Asian Americans are excellent at math is a stereotype. Under the halo effect, we conclude that because a person has a positive quality or characteristic, that quality extends into other aspects of the person’s personality or actions. An example of the halo effect is determining that a physically attractive man must also be good at his job. Both the halo effect and stereotyping behaviors can be problematic, particularly in a job setting.
How can we stop the halo effect?
Although cognitive biases can often serve us – for instance, we benefit from the halo effect when it allows others to give us the benefit of the doubt – experts agree that it can be dangerous to rely on automatic judgments. Harvard Business Review, for example, notes that when we give too much or too little emphasis on the information we have, our decision making can suffer. With this in mind, there is a technique that can help address the halo effect and counteract cognitive bias in some circumstances. This debiasing technique follows a series of steps that include acknowledging the biased thinking, deciding to reduce the cognitive bias, analyzing when and how the cognitive bias has/will occur, putting a plan in place to end the cognitive bias and taking action.
What is Halo Effect and horns effect?
The halo effect and reverse halo effect (horns effect) are types of cognitive biases that describe our tendency to form impressions, positive and negative. The halo effect refers to when this bias results in a positive impression; the horn effect refers to when the bias results in a negative impression. An example of reverse halo effect is blaming someone for a crime because they are physically unattractive or come from a low socioeconomic background.
How do you make a halo effect?
The halo effect is a social-psychology phenomenon and like all cognitive biases, the halo effect is not a choice. Instead, it happens unconsciously. The halo effect and reverse halo effect each play a role in our daily lives. If you’re interested in learning more about the primary effects of this cognitive bias on your mental health and how it affects your social perceptions, consider reaching out to a BetterHelp counselor.