How Interpersonal Therapy Improves Depression And Social Issues

Updated March 16, 2021

Medically Reviewed By: Aaron Horn

Interpersonal therapy (IPT) was first developed in the 1970s, when tricyclic antidepressants were the main treatment for unipolar depression. In fact, the tactics and techniques of IPT were designed for use in a treatment trial that would be used to determine the best combination and duration of treatment with tricyclic antidepressants and psychotherapy. Interpersonal therapy proved to be more effective than anyone imagined.

Now, IPT, along with cognitive behavioral therapy, are recognized as the two most effective psychotherapeutic treatments for depression. This treatment has also proven effective for anxiety, drug and alcohol addiction, bipolar disorder, persistent mild depression (dysthymia), eating disorders and social phobia.

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Interpersonal Therapy Definition

Interpersonal therapy is a type of talk therapy that takes into account your physical, mental, and social vulnerabilities, along with cultural and spiritual factors. Its main focus is on social roles and relationships because these factors have proven to be significant as precursors to depression and other mood and non-mood disorders.

A Scientific Treatment

IPT is a scientific approach and has been studied in over 250 trials. Just as in cognitive behavioral therapy, in interpersonal therapy, the therapist must forge a bond with the client, giving empathy and helping the client feel understood. The therapist guides the client in dealing with their emotions by offering a clear and precise treatment, which then leads to success.

Are Mental Disorders in Our Biology?

What makes interpersonal therapy different from cognitive behavioral therapy are the concepts and techniques behind the treatment. First, the person with the disorder is viewed as having a medical condition. It isn't their fault, and there is no reason to blame themselves for not doing better or trying harder. Depression, etc., happens to them; it is not caused by them.

Social Factors Behind Disorders

Another unique feature of interpersonal therapy is that it highlights the connection between the client's mood and any disturbing life situations (such as grief, divorce, or losing a job) that may have caused or compounded their disorder. A complete interpersonal therapy definition must also include the fact that IPT is a short-term, present-focused treatment method that is based on attachment theory, communication theory, and the biopsychosocial/cultural/spiritual genesis of disorders.

Goals

Every type of therapy has its own goals. For instance, cognitive behavioral therapy has the goal of changing thoughts so that feelings and behaviors can also change. In interpersonal therapy, the goals are a bit different. For IPT, the primary goals are to reduce psychiatric symptoms, work on interpersonal relationships, and build a network of social support.

Concepts Behind Interpersonal Therapy

Several concepts, also called tactics, make up the core of interpersonal therapy. Aside from the biopsychosocial/cultural/spiritual basis of IPT already discussed, this therapy assumes an Interpersonal Triad and makes use of an Interpersonal Inventory. The main treatment takes place as you and the therapist discuss your interpersonal problems and agree on goals for improving your interpersonal coping skills.

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Interpersonal Triad

IPT theory suggests that depression and other mental disorders begin after an acute interpersonal crisis. This crisis may be somewhat relieved, or it might be exacerbated, depending on your attachment style and biopsychosocial/cultural/spiritual strengths and weaknesses. If you also have inadequate social support, the problem is compounded further. The Interpersonal Triad, then is this combination of factors that add up to cause your distress. The Triad includes:

An acute interpersonal crisis
Your own strengths and vulnerabilities (attachment style, personality, biopsychosocial/cultural/spiritual)
Lack of social support

When all three factors in the Triad are going against you, it's more likely you'll succumb to a mental disorder.

What Is It Like to Have Interpersonal Therapy?

Interpersonal therapy may be quite different from what you imagine therapy to be. It is a focused, intensive, brief modality that follows a specific set of rules and procedures. So, what is it like to see a therapist for IPT? Although your therapist will tell you everything you need to know to complete therapy with IPT, learning more may make the experience less stressful for you.

Three Phases of Treatment

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Interpersonal therapy is a highly-structured treatment that has three distinct phases. No matter what happens during the 45-60-minute weekly sessions, treatment continues along this path in standard IPT. The three phases are:

Beginning - This is the assessment period that includes the Interpersonal Inventory, psychiatric history, etc. This phase is designed to take place in the first 3 sessions.
Middle - The middle is the heart of the treatment. This is where the work of IPT is done. You focus on resolving the interpersonal problem area that you've set out to improve.
Final phase - In the last phase of treatment, the only goal is to end the therapeutic relationship on a positive note.

Interpersonal Inventory

If you begin interpersonal therapy, you might begin by taking a test called the Interpersonal Inventory. This tool helps the therapist understand where you're getting or lacking social support, who you confide in and how healthy those relationships are, who you're romantically attached to and what the status of that relationship is currently in, how you communicate with others in daily life, and any problems in your relationship that might have led to your depressive episode.

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Interpersonal Problem Areas

Since IPT is a scientific treatment, it has specific rules about how to proceed. The first step after the interpersonal assessment is to identify the interpersonal problem area to focus on. In interpersonal therapy, there are only four options to choose from here. They are:

Grief - when a loved one has died.
Role dispute - when a close personal relationship is marked by differences in role expectations.
Role transition - when you're transitioning from one role to another, such as when you change jobs or move.
Interpersonal deficits - when none of the other three options fits and you've had ongoing problems with interpersonal relationships for a significant period of time.

Interpersonal Therapy Techniques

Many of the techniques used in interpersonal therapy are quite different from those used in cognitive-behavioral or other types of therapy. The focus, as always with IPT, is on improving interpersonal relationships.

Interpersonal Incidents

Interpersonal incidents are things that happen in a relationship. When you or your loved ones behave in ways that keep you from meeting your interpersonal needs, you have an interpersonal crisis that may lead to symptoms of a mental disorder. The therapist must examine and analyze this situation to help you find better ways of behaving within it.

Role Playing

Role playing is a common technique used in many different treatment modalities. It is especially helpful in interpersonal therapy, because it gives you the opportunity to explore interpersonal situations you're in and work on your interpersonal skills.

Communication Analysis

Your therapist may do an exercise called communication analysis to help you find problems in your interpersonal communication skills. You begin by thinking of an interaction that happened between you and another person. You write out the scene as if you were writing a play, including setting and all the words and gestures of the "actors."

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The therapist will read your "movie script" and may ask you questions about it. For example, they might ask you what you or the other person intended when they said or did something. They might then ask you to tell what they actually communicated. After you've analyzed this incident of interpersonal communication, the therapy might proceed to a role-playing exercise in which the therapist coaches you on better ways to handle such an incident.

What's the Bottom Line?

Explaining interpersonal behavior requires a certain amount of detail. Theories and details help explain this treatment, but at this point, you may be wondering, "Yes, but what's the bottom line? How does IPT really help with mental disorders like depression and social phobia?"

The key is in the word "interpersonal." IPT is designed for situations where the problem is poor interpersonal functioning. IPT assumes that what happens between you and the people you interact with is the cause of your mental disorder. Assuming that is true, the best possible solution is to improve your interpersonal skills.

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Finding a Therapist for Interpersonal Therapy

Perhaps you find yourself having an interpersonal crisis. You're grieving, arguing with your partner, or settling into a new position at work. If you recognize that you're getting depressed, anxious, or otherwise disturbed, you may realize that the problem lies in your interpersonal skills. If so, you might want to try interpersonal therapy.

Finding a therapist for interpersonal therapy may be easy or difficult, depending on what your personal resources are and where you live. Transportation may be an issue for people who live in rural areas or have to drive through heavy traffic to reach the therapist's office.

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Fortunately, you can have convenient, inexpensive mental health treatment by going online to BetterHelp. There, licensed therapists are available to help you learn better ways to interact, build your support system, and gain physical and emotional strength. With BetterHelp, you can have treatment wherever you like. You can remain anonymous if you choose, too. In addition, there are therapists with different specialties so that you can choose someone with experience in the type of therapy you prefer, whether that's cognitive-behavioral or interpersonal therapy.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):

What is the focus of interpersonal therapy?

Unlike other types of therapy, interpersonal therapy is a time-limited and evidence-based approach to improving the quality of a client’s interpersonal issues and relationships, as well as their social functioning, in an effort to reduce distress. There are four key areas that interpersonal therapy focuses on: addressing interpersonal deficits, managing unresolved grief, handling difficult life decisions, and dealing with disputes stemming from conflict. Again, ipt is a time limited approach to therapy that typically takes 12 to 16 weeks, unlike other longer types of therapy. This form of therapy has still proven to be helpful with a range of mental health and general health issues such as major depression or depressive symptoms, eating disorders, bipolar disorder, bulimia nervosa, mood disorders, and more. If you believe this strategy may help, find a therapist near you who specializes in this approach.

Which technique is used in interpersonal therapy?

There are a variety of techniques that may be used in interpersonal therapy, such as role-playing, which helps the patient relate to how they interpret the world psychiatry wise, as well as address any symptoms that may occur as a result. These pressing relational problems are focused on, unlike some other types of therapy, and are helpful to a person wishing to deal with social isolation or relationship difficulties. The exact type of technique used during interpersonal psychotherapy as maintenance will depend entirely on a client. Find a therapist who can help and who specializes in interpersonal therapy if you believe this strategy can be effective in your unique situation.

What is the difference between cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy?

Cognitive therapy, as outlined by the World Psychiatry and many research program studies, typically focuses on the modification of biased information processing and dysfunctional beliefs that arise from social anxiety or mood disorders. On the other hand, interpersonal therapy focuses on resolving interpersonal behavioral patterns that may play a large role in the maintenance of a major depressive disorder or anxiety. The goals of both types are to better a client’s life and outlook on situations, but the exact method of achieving this goal through maintenance treatment varies from type to type. Whether a person is facing postpartum depression, knows depressed adolescents or adults in their family, or faces a mental health crisis, therapy can help. Find a therapist in your area who specializes in interpersonal therapy if your issues stem from relationships with others in your life.

How long does interpersonal therapy last?

The guide to interpersonal psychotherapy outlines how ipt is a time based therapy treatment that helps the patient by addressing interpersonal issues in three stages. There is a beginning stage that typically lasts one to three sessions, a middle stage that varies in length, and an end stage that usually is three sessions. All in all, this process can take around 12-16 weeks of treatment where a therapist helps the patient deal with a group setting or other interpersonal issues that may be causing depressive symptoms. The treatment of depression or anxiety with primary care interpersonal therapy takes a different approach that cognitive based therapies, but the treatment guidelines are evidence based and supported. Find a therapist who can help you to work through and resolve any issues you may be experiencing.

What are the 3 types of therapy?

There are three main types of therapy, all of which are outlined in World Psychiatry and examined through research program studies: psychodynamic therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and humanistic therapy. Psychodynamic therapy places an emphasis on the unconscious mind and actions that may result from suppressed emotions. This could be tackling the treatment of depression or general maintenance treatment that can help a client diagnose the underlying cause for their actions. Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses more on the manifestation of behaviors themselves and how they contribute to existing symptoms within the treatment of depression, anxiety, or other maintenance treatment. Finally, humanistic therapy tends to place more focus on a holistic approach to therapy where the entire individual is examined, including their spirit. When trying to find a therapist for your needs, it’s important to choose a therapist who has practice in the type of therapy you wish to undergo.

How do I choose a therapist?

The importance of a good match between a client and a therapist will determine how effective therapy treatment will be. First things first, ask a primary care physician if there are any therapists they can recommend. Secondly, determine why you are wishing to visit a therapist. For example, if the cause is due to an underlying condition such as bipolar disorder, postpartum depression, recurrent depression, bulimia nervosa, or some other cause, you will want to find a therapist or support group that relates to your issue. If your motivation to see a therapist is more general, then a general therapist from a treatment center will work just as well. The treatment of depression or anxiety, for example, can be long and arduous, so choosing a therapist who aligns with your requirements is important. Visit a treatment center or the world psychiatry site to see if you can find a therapist or a support group in your area.

How long should a therapy session be?

A therapy session may run different lengths of time depending on the type of therapy. The international society for interpersonal therapy outlines that interpersonal therapists will typically take 12-16 weeks over 10+ sessions. These sessions may run for around 40-60 minutes, which is an ideal length of time as according to data from research program studies. Treatment center therapy sessions may be shorter, especially if you are a first-time visitor, but 40-60 minutes is fairly standard. The goal of a therapy session is to gain as much as possible and whether the cause for your visit is something such as postpartum depression, depressed adolescents in your family, a support group not being enough, or any other reason, it’s important to find a therapist where they treat your time valuably.

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How Interpersonal Therapy Improves Depression And Social Issues

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