Restless Leg Syndrome And ADHD: Connections, Support, And Treatment
Several physical health conditions may be linked to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including sleep disorders like restless legs syndrome (RLS). Because sleep disorders can worsen symptoms of ADHD, and vice versa, it can be crucial to receive proper mental and physical healthcare when these symptoms arise. Undergoing a sleep study, practicing good sleep hygiene, and working with a therapist may be helpful for managing symptoms of ADHD and RLS.
What is ADHD?
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder can be defined as a neurodevelopmental condition and a form of neurodivergence. It is typically associated with inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity symptoms that can cause significant functional difficulties in daily life. ADHD is generally present from birth and may persist throughout one’s life, though symptoms can often be managed with coping mechanisms, self-care, accommodations, and mental health support.
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V), the diagnostic criteria for primarily inattentive ADHD (one of three ADHD types) can include the following:
- Challenges with paying attention to details
- Making seemingly careless mistakes
- Difficulty sustaining attention on tasks
- Having trouble listening when spoken to directly
- Difficulty following through with and finishing tasks due to loss of focus or distraction
- Challenges with organization
- Avoidance of tasks requiring sustained focus
- Frequently losing or misplacing necessary items
- Being easily distracted
- Experiencing forgetfulness
Hyperactive and impulsive symptoms of ADHD may include the following:
- Frequently fidgeting or having trouble sitting still; restlessness
- Challenges with quietly taking part in activities
- Seemingly being “driven by a motor” or always being “on the go”
- A tendency to speak too loudly or too frequently
- A tendency to blurt out answers to questions or phrases before someone has finished speaking
- Having trouble with waiting one’s turn
- Frequently interrupting or intruding on others
Combined type ADHD can include symptoms from both of the categories above. In general, for all types, symptoms must be present before age 12 for at least six months. They must also be inconsistent with an individual’s developmental level and have a negative impact on daily functioning. These symptoms generally cannot be the result of substance use or another mental or physical health condition.
What is restless legs syndrome?
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep disorder typically characterized by uncomfortable sensations in the legs during sleep, which usually cause urges to move the legs repeatedly. These symptoms may also occur in the late afternoon, evening, or early morning.
People who experience RLS may have difficulty falling or staying asleep due to their movement. Because of these symptoms, RLS can be considered a sleep disorder and a movement disorder. The urge to move the legs during sleep can be irresistible and may cause significant distress for the individual affected. Symptoms of restless legs syndrome may include the following:
- A sensation or desire to move legs after sitting or resting for extended periods, including when awake
- Relief of sensations when moving the legs
- Worsened symptoms at night
- Changes in mood
- Difficulty concentrating
- Sleepiness during the day
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Stress
- Poor memory
In some cases, RLS symptoms may mimic those of ADHD or could occur alongside ADHD. Women, older adults, pregnant individuals, and people with other sleep disorders may be at a higher risk of RLS. If you are experiencing symptoms of a sleep disorder, consult your primary care physician for support and guidance.
Is there a connection between ADHD and restless legs syndrome?
Studies have found a potential link between ADHD and RLS. A 2023 study found that children with ADHD typically experienced RLS symptoms in 11% to 42.9% of cases, whereas 20% to 33% of adults with ADHD usually met the criteria for RLS.
Another study found that 26% of people with restless legs syndrome may also have ADHD symptoms, although updated evidence may be necessary. Some researchers believe these symptoms may be due to a lack of sleep, which can mimic some symptoms of ADHD. Children may be more likely to experience these symptoms. However, anyone of any age can develop RLS with ADHD.
Treatment for restless legs syndrome
If you’re experiencing restless legs syndrome, there are a few treatment options you might consider. RLS can sometimes be treated with medication, so be sure to consult your doctor if you’re interested in exploring medication options.
Doctors often recommend lifestyle changes to reduce symptoms as well. Practicing good sleep hygiene, eating nutritious foods during the day, engaging in self-care, and attending to stress and mental health needs can be vital for reducing RLS symptoms. Some people may also find relief by using a weighted blanket and other sensory options to reduce uncomfortable sensations before bed.
ADHD and sleep
ADHD tends to be associated with various sleep disruptions and disorders. Because ADHD usually impacts the brain, symptoms may affect how long it takes to fall asleep or how deep sleep may be, which could lead to sleep deprivation. Insomnia, RLS, delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSPS), sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and narcolepsy tend to be some of the most common disorders seen in individuals with ADHD.
How to improve your sleep hygiene
If ADHD or restless legs syndrome are impacting your sleep, healthy sleep hygiene practices may reduce some symptoms. Below are a few practices to consider.
Get a sleep study
If you’re experiencing new or worsening symptoms that cause distress before, during, or after sleep, it can be helpful to consult a medical doctor. Sleep doctors can conduct polysomnography tests (sleep studies), which allow them to monitor your sleep in a controlled medical environment.
During your sleep study, you may be hooked to several monitors with wires around your face and head. These wires usually monitor your vital signs, brain waves, and other biological data to observe your sleep behaviors and stages. During the study, the doctors can observe your leg movements to see if you might be experiencing RLS. In addition, they can inform you of other sleep disorders you might be experiencing. A diagnosis can help you seek further treatment that may reduce distress during the night.
Build a consistent sleep schedule
Going to sleep at the same time each night and waking up at the same time in the morning can be crucial to regulating your circadian rhythm and brain waves. Building a consistent sleep schedule can ensure you get enough sleep. If you struggle to fall asleep at night due to insomnia or the sensations in your legs, talk to your doctor about treatment options to help you fall asleep quicker.
Avoid distractions before bed
Distractions can worsen RLS and ADHD symptoms. It’s often recommended to put down your electronic devices an hour before bed, turn off the overhead lights, and keep your room free of clutter. Ensure the temperature in your bedroom is comfortable and that there are no disruptive sounds or movements in the room. You can also avoid distractions by playing calming music or ambient sounds. If there are other people in your home, you might ask them to be quiet when coming in or passing your room so you can avoid being woken up by outside noises.
Talk to a therapist
Both ADHD and restless legs syndrome can cause distressing symptoms that make it difficult to cope with daily life, and both conditions may be associated with sleep deprivation. For this reason, it may be helpful to talk to a therapist about your symptoms and develop a sleep hygiene plan together.
Sleep deprivation can cause exhaustion and fatigue, which may make it challenging to attend in-person therapy appointments. In these cases, online therapy through a platform like BetterHelp may be a more accessible support option. Online platforms generally allow clients to connect with a therapist from any location with an internet connection.
Studies frequently support the effectiveness of online therapy. One study found that internet interventions for ADHD management could be beneficial, improving social function and confidence in clients.
Takeaway
There may be several connections between ADHD and sleep disorders. Restless legs syndrome is one condition that can be comorbid with ADHD. If you’re experiencing symptoms of RLS, talk to your doctor about a sleep study and treatment options. Mental health support with an online or in-person therapist may also be a beneficial way to cope with RLS and ADHD.
- Previous Article
- Next Article