Exploring Effects Of The APA's “Traditional Masculinity” On Men And Boys
Research shows that mental health stigmas of traditional masculinity can socialize boys to suppress their emotions, which can cause mental and physical harm in adulthood. To address the stigmas facing men and boys in mental health, the American Psychological Association (APA) released its first official, which addresses what the APA terms toxic or “traditional” masculinity.
What the APA considers to be aspects of traditional masculinity
According to the APA, unhealthy aspects of traditional masculinity can lead to:
Limited psychological development.
Greater possibility of attachment insecurity.
Higher likelihood of violent outbursts toward people of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities.
Increased potential for strained intimate relationships.
Risky or deviant sexual behaviors.
Gender role strain and conflict.
Higher likelihood of emotional repression.
Increased potential for lack of or disrupted intimacy in relationships.
Exploring the harmful effects of traditional masculine norms
Disclaimer: The numbers in parentheses throughout the article refer to the page where quoted information was taken from the APA Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Boys and Men (2018). Please refer to the document for further details.
Traditional ideals for men are formed based on historical myths about what makes a man masculine. This dominant, hegemonic stigma consists of “descriptive, prescriptive, and proscriptive … cognitions about boys and men” (2).
Because these ideals were focused on cisgender heterosexual white men, they impose limitations on folks who identify as nonbinary, transgender, or any other sexual and gender identity.
This worldview includes notions of “anti-femininity, achievement, eschewal of the appearance of weakness, adventure, risk, and violence” (3). The ways that society might perpetuate these standards can vary, although all variations may hinder personal growth and perpetuate cultural divisions. For example, a young boy might be socialized to prefer specific colors, play with certain toys, or act in certain ways toward people of other genders.
Constraining behavior
Traditional notions of masculinity are known to promote and condemn certain behaviors, encouraging boys and men to ignore their personal desires in favor of societal expectations. For example, a man may express interest in ballet rather than football, but since traditional masculinity dictates that ballet is an unsuitable activity for a man, he may forgo his wishes.
The range of behaviors society may deem appropriate or inappropriate based on traditional masculine ideals is extensive. Boys and men may reject domestic labor such as cooking, doing laundry, or washing dishes while sensing pressure to be the family’s primary breadwinner. Friends, family, and media can perpetuate these ideas and may shame them if they deviate from these roles.
Gender role conflict
Gender role conflict can arise when individuals strictly adhere to gender stereotypes. The APA has identified four primary areas associated with masculine gender role strain, although the experience can vary between individuals:
Success
Power
Competition
Restrictive emotionality
Due to these stereotypes, some men might believe that emotionality, affection, and family are exclusively “feminine” domains. As a result, men might prioritize personal achievement or power or experience distress in attaining a work-life balance and raising a family because of this state of internal conflict (3).
Another aspect of the rigid delineation between genders is the idea that boys and men should reject any show of emotions. Because of this, many boys begin repressing their emotions from an early age — continuing the practice into adulthood. This may explain why fewer men seek out therapy than those of other genders, as some men might avoid asking for help or refuse to accept that they experience vulnerability.
Attachment insecurity
While there can be diversity in parenting approaches dependent on location, culture, affluence, and education, some men may be socialized to reject intimacy and deep attachments with others. This can lead to attachment insecurity.
Traditional masculinity enforces this method and style of socialization by perpetuating the idea that men should be strong, independent individuals who can thrive without external support. Coupled with the difficulty of opening up emotionally, many boys can develop an insecure attachment style that carries into adulthood. However, studies show that, and counseling may help men to promote their psychological growth.
Limited psychological development
Although there are no conclusive brain differences between biological males and biological females, research suggests that boys face a higher likelihood of learning difficulties, such as lower standardized test scores and behavioral issues, including bullying, aggression, and school suspensions (3). These effects can be attributed to societal and cultural constraints that could further limit psychological development in boys and men.
Additionally, men make up the majority of those in correctional facilities, as men are statistically more likely to commit violent crimes. This tendency could be explained by unhealthy socialization according to the standards of traditional masculinity, especially when compared to people of other gender identities. An additional national review shows that men are more likely to misuse substances than those of other genders.1
Violent outbursts toward people with diverse identities
In addition to tending toward violent behavior, men are more likely to commit hate crimes against individuals or groups who identify as gender- and sexually diverse. This propensity can be attributed to traditional masculinity’s inherent attachment to white, cisgender, and heterosexual expressions of self-identity. In its report, the APA confirms this idea, observing that “several controlled experiments have found that adult men who endorse sexist male role norms may aggress against … participants who violate those norms” (9-10).
Strained intimate relationships
Men who subscribe to an unhealthy form of masculinity may condone and commit partner and sexual violence (10). Men might also seek to control relationships through sexual behavior more often than those of other genders.
Although unhealthy perceptions of masculinity may prompt this behavior, it is also possible for men to experience domestic violence. Statistics show that approximately one in three men experience intimate partner violence.2
Risky behaviors
The APA states, “Overall, men engage in fewer health-promoting behaviors [and] more risk-taking behaviors” (16). This could indicate that men are more susceptible to mental and physical harm through participating in threatening behaviors — such as reckless driving, risky sexual encounters, or compulsive spending habits — that traditional masculinity may idealize.
How can men receive support through therapy?
Therapy offers dedicated support for those who perceive barriers to seeking mental health support due to social stigma, including men. Online platforms like BetterHelp offer a way to connect with a therapist who specializes in working with men’s health, regardless of physical location.
As long as there’s a reliable internet connection, online therapy allows users to get professional help from wherever they’re most comfortable. They can also speak with their provider using their preferred method of communication, be it video chats or less invasive options like phone calls and in-app messaging.
Exploring the APA's psychological framework
While designed for psychologists, the APA’s Guidelines for Psychological Practice With Boys and Men can also be helpful for men to understand the framework they’ll be working within.
Psychologists strive to recognize that masculinity is constructed based on social, cultural, and contextual norms (6).
Psychologists strive to recognize that boys and men can integrate multiple aspects of their social identities across the lifespan (7).
Psychologists understand the impact of power, privilege, and sexism on the development of boys and men in their relationships with others (9).
Psychologists strive to develop a comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence the interpersonal relationships of boys and men (10).
Psychologists strive to encourage positive father involvement in the lives of children and healthy family relationships (12).
Psychologists strive to support educational efforts that are responsive to the needs of boys and men (13).
Psychologists strive to reduce the high rates of problems boys and men face and act out in their lives, such as aggression, violence, substance use, and suicide (15).3
Psychologists strive to help boys and men engage in health-related behaviors (16).
Psychologists strive to build and promote gender-sensitive psychological services (17).
Psychologists understand and strive to change institutional, cultural, and systemic problems that affect boys and men through advocacy, prevention, and education (19).
While psychologists keep these guidelines in mind, boys and men can experience more comprehensive and personalized care.
The effectiveness of online therapy
Online therapy can support managing and recovering from internal conflict caused by toxic internal beliefs rooted in traditional masculinity. Research indicates that for a variety of mental disorders, including anxiety, depression, and substance use disorder.
Additionally, in one psychological study, researchers assessed the impact of an online suicide prevention intervention and mental health initiative called Man Therapy (MT). They found that men participating in this intervention were significantly more likely to seek professional support.
Takeaway
Boys and men might experience psychologically harmful consequences of traditional masculinity ideology and may, unconsciously or consciously, pass on the ideology to younger generations, which can affect both men and women. APA guidelines address this type of masculinity in a way that can help society become more inclusive and accepting. Reducing the stigma entails understanding that men can be vulnerable and receive support for their problems.
If you're interested in pursuing care, consider reaching out to a licensed therapist to get started. Online platforms like BetterHelp allow you to get the support you want from the comfort of your own home. Take the first step toward getting support and reach out to BetterHelp today.
What is the meaning of traditional masculinity?
Traditional masculinity refers to a set of attitudes, behaviors, and roles that have historically been associated with men and boys in various cultures. These are often shaped by idealized social norms and traditional gender roles, prescribing how men should act, feel, and engage with others. Traditionally, masculinity has been linked to strength, stoicism, assertiveness, and emotional restraint. However, this concept has evolved and is continually being redefined.
Traditional masculine norms are central to this type of masculinity, which often emphasize traits like toughness, self-reliance, and the suppression of emotions. These norms can play a significant role in the development and socialization of adolescent boys, as they often internalize these expectations as part of their identity. Unfortunately, research indicates that adherence to these norms can have negative outcomes. Particularly concerning is the link between traditional masculine norms and aggressive behaviors in adolescent boys. This connection is seen in various contexts, from personal relationships to broader social interactions.
Adherence to traditional masculinity can also lead to the reinforcement of negative and socially aversive traits. For instance, the pressure to conform to these norms can discourage boys and men from expressing vulnerability or seeking help, potentially leading to harmful psychological and social consequences. In contrast, more flexible and diverse understandings of masculinity that challenge these traditional norms are being encouraged in contemporary discourse. This shift aims to promote a more inclusive and healthier model of masculinity, acknowledging that emotional expression and vulnerability are strengths, not weaknesses.
Traditional masculinity, with its complex interplay of social norms and traditional gender roles, can significantly impact the behavior and psychological well-being of males. The ongoing conversation around these norms is crucial in shaping a more positive and inclusive understanding of gender expression and promoting healthier outcomes for men and boys.
What are the 4 types of masculinity?
In social psychology, the concept of masculinity is multifaceted and complex. Scholars in this field, often publishing through academic press outlets, have identified four distinct types of masculinity. This classification helps in understanding the diverse ways in which men experience and express their gender identity in the context of societal norms and expectations.
- Hegemonic masculinity: This masculinity ideology represents the culturally idealized form of masculine character, which emphasizes traits such as strength, assertiveness, and emotional stoicism. It is often associated with dominance and leadership. Hegemonic masculinity sets the standard for what is socially accepted as the "ideal" male behavior in a given culture.
- Complicit masculinity: Men who may not meet all the standards of hegemonic masculinity but still benefit from the patriarchy fall under complicit masculinity. These individuals don't challenge the hegemonic norm and, by default, support the status quo. They enjoy the privileges of being male without embodying all hegemonic traits.
- Marginalized masculinity: This type refers to the masculinities constructed in contexts where race, class, sexuality, age, or other factors intersect to create different experiences and expressions of being male. Men in this category often face social discrimination and exclusion, leading to a form of masculinity that exists outside the hegemonic ideal. Sexual minorities and men of color are some examples of those who may identify with marginalized masculinity.
- Subordinate masculinity: This category includes masculinities positioned lower in the social hierarchy. These are often seen in contrast to what is considered dominant or ideal. Traits that don't align with the traditional view of masculinity, such as being emotional, passive, or nurturing, are typically associated with this type.
While gender equality and inclusivity continue to be important conversations, understanding the different types of masculinity and how they interact with each other can help break down stereotypes and promote healthier expressions of gender identity.
What is toxic masculinity and traditional masculinity?
While the intersection between traditional masculinity and toxic masculinity may seem complicated, a clear distinction can be made between the two concepts. Significant differences in the definition and usage of these terms exist, especially when addressing mental health in men.
Traditional masculinity refers to cultural expectations and norms associated with being male. These can include emotional restraint, self-reliance, and toughness, which are often idealized as the "norm" for men to follow. The emphasis on stoicism and emotional suppression can have negative effects on men's mental health by limiting their emotional expression and suppressing vulnerability.
On the other hand, toxic masculinity refers to extreme or harmful forms of traditional masculinity. It involves behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs that adhere to traditional masculine norms in a way that is detrimental to both the individual and society. This type of masculinity can lead to harmful outcomes such as aggression, violence, and misogyny. It can also contribute to the stigmatization of mental health issues and discourage men from seeking help.
What is nontraditional masculinity?
Gender policing has been a prominent issue in societies where men who deviate from traditional masculinity norms face ridicule, discrimination, and violence. However, there is an ongoing shift towards promoting nontraditional forms of masculinity that challenge these stereotypes and encourage healthier expressions of gender identity.
Nontraditional masculinity refers to a more fluid and diverse understanding of male behavior and expression. It recognizes that there are multiple ways to be male, and individuals should not feel constrained by traditional norms and expectations. Nontraditional masculinities can include traits such as emotional intelligence, empathy, and vulnerability, which are often discouraged in traditional masculinity.
This shift towards embracing nontraditional masculinity is important for promoting inclusivity and breaking down harmful stereotypes that restrict men from expressing their authentic selves. It also allows for a more nuanced understanding of male behavior and identity, acknowledging that there is no one "right" way to be a man.
What does traditional masculinity look like?
Traditionally masculine behaviors can vary across cultures, but some common characteristics are often associated with this type of masculinity. Traditional masculine traits may include:
- Emotional restraint and suppression: Traditional masculinity places a high value on emotional control and discourages men from expressing feelings such as vulnerability, fear, or sadness.
- Physical strength and dominance: Physical strength and assertiveness are often essential to traditional masculinity.
- Self-reliance and independence: Men are expected to be self-sufficient and not rely on others for support or help.
- Aggression and competitiveness: Being competitive, dominant, and assertive are desirable traits in traditional masculinity.
- Avoidance of "feminine" behaviors: Traditional masculinity often discourages behaviors and traits seen as "feminine," such as nurturing, empathy, and emotional expression.
While masculinity can look different for each individual, these traditional traits can have negative effects on men's mental health. Therapy can be a valuable tool for men to explore and challenge traditional masculinity while promoting healthier forms of identity and expression.
Is traditional masculinity harmful?
Traditional masculinity can be harmful when it is rigidly enforced, leading to toxic behaviors and attitudes. The pressure to conform to traditional masculine norms can also have negative effects on men's mental health by limiting their emotional expression, suppressing vulnerability, and reinforcing harmful stereotypes.
Furthermore, the emphasis on physical strength, dominance, and aggression can contribute to a culture of violence and promote unhealthy relationships. This type of masculinity can also view women and other marginalized groups as inferior, leading to discrimination and systemic oppression.
While traditional masculinity may have some positive attributes, it is essential to recognize and address the harmful effects of traditional gender norms and rigid gender roles. Promoting more diverse and inclusive forms of masculinity can lead to a more equitable society for all.
What are traditional masculinity norms?
Traditional masculinity norms refer to societal expectations and beliefs about how men should behave, think, and express themselves. These norms are often reinforced through media, family, and other cultural institutions and can vary across different cultures.
Some examples of traditional masculinity norms include:
- The idea that men should be stoic and emotionally restrained: Men are often expected to suppress their emotions and not show vulnerability.
- The pressure to conform to traditional gender roles: Men are expected to be the breadwinners, while women are seen as caregivers in traditional masculinity norms.
- The emphasis on physical strength and dominance: Traditional masculinity often values traits such as being physically strong, assertive, and competitive. Unhealthy body image expectations can also stem from these norms.
- The stigmatization of seeking help or showing weakness: Traditional masculinity often discourages men from seeking support for mental health issues, believing that this makes them weak. Research indicates men are less likely to seek help for mental health than women, and this stigma around seeking support can contribute to higher rates of suicide among men.
Breaking down these traditional masculinity norms is crucial for advancing gender equality and promoting a healthier relationship with gender identity and expression. Recognizing that traditional masculinity norms are not fixed and can evolve over time is essential. By promoting more diverse and inclusive forms of masculinity, we can create a safer and more supportive environment for men to express themselves authentically.
What's the difference between a traditional man and a modern man?
Over time, gender socialization and cultural shifts have led to changes in traditional masculinity norms, giving rise to the concept of a "modern man." A modern man is someone who challenges traditional gender expectations and embraces more diverse forms of masculine expression.
Some key differences between a traditional man and a modern man may include:
- Emotional intelligence and vulnerability: While traditional masculinity often discourages emotional expression, a modern man recognizes the importance of emotional intelligence and vulnerability in building healthier relationships and overall mental well-being.
- Openness to diverse forms of self-expression: Unlike traditional masculinity, which often promotes a rigid definition of what it means to be a man, modern masculinity embraces diverse forms of self-expression, including hobbies, fashion choices, and personal interests.
- Inclusivity and respect for diverse identities: A modern man recognizes and respects that gender identity is not limited to traditional binary categories and promotes diversity and inclusivity within masculinity.
Masculinity does not rely on gender or sex and can be expressed in a multitude of ways. The terms "traditional man" and "modern man" are not absolute, and individuals may exhibit a combination of both traditional and modern masculine traits. It's important to recognize that there is no one right way to be a man.
Is traditional masculinity still valued?
Certain aspects of traditional masculinity, such as being ambitious and assertive, are still valued in our society. However, there has been a growing movement towards challenging harmful or toxic aspects of traditional masculinity, such as violence and aggression.
Many individuals are now recognizing the harm that traditional masculinity can cause and promoting more inclusive forms of gender expression. The journey towards redefining masculinity is ongoing, and it's essential to continue having conversations and promoting positive change in our society.
What is traditional masculine energy?
Traditional masculine energy refers to the traits, behaviors, and attitudes that are typically associated with men in traditional gender norms. These traits can include qualities such as being physically strong, competitive, dominant, and emotionally restrained.
While some aspects of traditional masculine energy may have positive connotations, it is essential to recognize that these expectations can limit individuals' authentic expression and contribute to harmful stereotypes and discrimination. Masculinity can include a wide range of qualities and expressions, and it's crucial to embrace diversity and inclusivity within masculinity.
Through conversations, education, and promoting unique forms of masculine expression, we can create a more equal society that allows all people to embrace their individuality without conforming to harmful traditions or gender expectations. Challenging these norms isn't an attack on masculinity. Rather, it's a step toward promoting healthier and more inclusive concepts of gender for each individual.
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