How Normative Development Influences Mental Health In Children And Adolescents

Everyone grows and develops in unique ways depending on many different factors. “Normative development” refers to the typical patterns of growth and change observed in a person across their lifespan in physical, cognitive, and psychosocial areas. 

Here, we’ll explore the field of normative psychology and the expected trajectories and milestones that most people experience as they move through different stages of life, from infancy to old age. We’ll also discuss the various ways that normative development or non-normative development can affect mental health. 

About the field of developmental psychology 

Once focused primarily on children, the field of developmental psychology has now expanded to studying how and why humans change over their lifespan, from conception to old age. It examines:

• Emotional health developmental milestones

• Intellectual health developmental milestones

• Spiritual health developmental milestones

• Physical health developmental milestones

• Social developmental milestones

• Personality development

It also considers how these areas interact and are influenced by each other and other factors. Developmental psychology incorporates insights from various fields, including biology, neuroscience, genetics, and sociology. 

Key developmental psychology theories

Developmental psychologists use several theories to measure human development. Some, such as Freud’s psychosexual theory, are largely considered outdated by modern psychologists. Others are still utilized in the field, sometimes in combination with each other, to help experts gain a complete picture of human development. Below are some of the more contemporary developmental psychology theories: 

• Erikson’s psychosocial theory: outlines eight psychosocial stages that occur throughout an individual’s lifespan, each characterized by a specific conflict that individuals must resolve to develop a healthy sense of self

• Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory: describes four stages of development in how individuals think—the first period between birth and age two, the second between two and six, the third between seven and 11, and the fourth from age 12 to adulthood

• Bowlby’s attachment theory: focuses on how early relationships with caregivers can influence social and emotional development

• Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory: emphasizes the role of social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development

• Bandura’s social learning theory: highlights the roles of observation and imitation in learning

Developmental psychology and normative development 

Developmental psychologists conduct research to understand the spectrum of developmental processes. They often use the parameters of normative development to identify potential delays or concerns and inform interventions to support healthy development. Through their research, developmental psychologists also often provide information for educators to help them create effective learning environments and address learning difficulties. 

From infants to children: cognitive development and the foundations of well-being

Even before conception, a child’s growth and development can be influenced by factors like genetics and parental health. After birth, positive, responsive relationships with caregivers and stimulating environments play a key role in producing optimal physical health outcomes for infants, shaping brain development and helping them build essential skills. This development, particularly in the early years, can impact future learning, behavior, and overall health. 

The influence of emotional security and attachment on children

Secure and nurturing relationships in childhood can help cultivate healthy social and emotional development, which is intertwined with cognitive growth. Conversely, research has linked exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with mental health, attachment, and resilience challenges in adulthood. That said, not everyone with ACEs has trouble with relationships and mental health later in life. Many individuals with supportive relationships and therapeutic intervention, for example, can develop emotional stability and resilience, despite adversity in childhood. These points illustrate some of the complexity of child development.

Cognitive development and emotional regulation 

Research indicates that cognitive development and emotional regulation are significantly intertwined as well, influencing and shaping each other throughout childhood and adolescence. Changes in thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving (cognitive development) directly impact how children understand, express, and manage their emotions. Conversely, regulating and managing emotional responses influence cognitive processes, including attention, memory, and decision-making. 

Adolescence: puberty, identity, and independence

Adolescence, from roughly ages 10 to 19, is a period of significant biological, cognitive, and psychosocial development. Many factors can affect normative adolescent development and promote adolescent health behaviors. 

Physical changes are typically among the most dramatic during this time, leading to a “domino effect” on other areas of life (like emotional health). Pubertal hormones are the main reason for these. Cognitive shifts towards abstract thinking and developing a more complex social and emotional landscape are also common aspects of normative development through the adolescent years. 

Social pressures and psychosocial development 

In adolescence, peer relationships become increasingly important as individuals explore different roles and relationships (often including romantic interests). Psychosocial development is also a key factor. During this time, teens also tend to begin forming an identity and developing a greater sense of independence from the family unit. This can change relationships from both adolescent and parent perspectives. 

Mental health challenges during adolescence

Studies in the field of adolescent cognitive neuroscience suggest that mental health challenges are common in adolescence due to a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. Rapid brain development, hormonal changes, and the pressures of navigating social situations, academic expectations, and identity formation can all contribute to increased vulnerability, especially in the absence of specific, positive adolescent health behaviors. 

Challenges with emotional regulation often mark this phase as well. During this time, the natural tendency to test boundaries and move towards independence can also play a role in normative adolescent risk-taking. Without adequate support that can help in promoting adolescent health, teens might become more susceptible to numerous unhealthy risk behaviors, such as involvement in drugs and alcohol.

Emerging adulthood: autonomy and purpose

Exploration and identity formation continue into young adulthood as individuals tend to become more self-sufficient, both practically and emotionally. Young adults may explore different values, beliefs, and interests as they establish their own identities. They may take on more responsibility and experience role transitions in education, work, and relationships. This is also a time when individuals may look towards long-term goals and plan for the future. 

Middle and late adulthood: balancing stability and growth

Although relatively understudied until the twentieth century, experts are now looking more closely at the normative developmental characteristics of midlife and later adulthood. Physical markers like a decline in muscle strength, reaction time, mobility, and sensory abilities (vision, hearing) often become noticeable. Chronic diseases become more prevalent during this time, too. 

Cognitively, some individuals experience a decline in processing speed, memory, and executive function (involving tasks like problem solving, planning, and organization). However, accumulated knowledge and expertise often continues to grow. In later adulthood, cognitive abilities may often be maintained through engagement in stimulating activities and learning new skills. 

Social and emotional development influences on mental health

Middle adulthood is often when individuals experience significant shifts in their social roles and relationships, including potential "midlife crises." They may also develop a greater focus on emotional well-being and concern for guiding the next generation during this time. Social connections and relationships remain important for older adults, providing emotional and practical support. 

Some older adults may experience a greater focus on life review and reflection, striving for a sense of integrity versus despair. On the other hand, some might encounter mental health challenges as they experience changes in perceived control and meaning during this time. 

How normative behavior influences normative development 

The term “normative behavior” refers to what is considered typical within a specific social group or society and often plays a key role in normative development. However, what is considered "normative" isn’t universal, but is heavily shaped by cultural and contextual factors. Understanding these influences can help us understand how and why people develop, behave, and interact in different settings.  

Cultural influences on development

Cultural traditions and societal norms can significantly impact development in several ways. They dictate a population’s core principles and standards, guiding behavior within a society and influencing what is considered acceptable or unacceptable throughout an individual’s lifespan. Culture also plays a role in shaping moral and ethical frameworks, influencing judgments of what is right or wrong. 

Contextual influences 

Developmental norms can also vary significantly depending on the specific situation or setting within a particular culture. For example, in childhood, we may learn that what is acceptable behavior at a formal dinner is different from what's acceptable at a casual hangout.

Normative behavior and development are shaped by the social group or environment in which an individual interacts, as individuals tend to conform to the norms of the groups they identify with. Norms are also influenced by historical context and can evolve. Attitudes towards social issues, for instance, can change significantly over time and influence how we grow and develop. 

The role of mental health support across the lifespan

Early interventions and supportive environments may reduce the risk of developing mental health conditions. Addressing mental health challenges appropriately can also help individuals develop emotional resilience and learn to cope with challenges throughout their lifespan. Additionally, better mental health often contributes to healthier relationships and overall well-being. 

When to seek mental health support

If you’re concerned about the development of mental well-being of a child in your life, you might speak to a pediatrician who can assess their physical and emotional health, development, and behaviors. Depending on their age and other factors, their doctor might recommend you talk to a therapist specializing in childhood and adolescent development. With younger children, professionals often work together to establish any medical and psychiatric diagnoses for future health promotion efforts. 

Warning signs of potential mental health challenges in children to look out for might include:

• Changes in academic performance

• Unusual fearfulness or clinginess

• Excessive hyperactivity that interferes with their everyday life

• Aggression, refusing to follow directions from adults

• Frequent tantrums or “acting out”

• Frequent nightmares

• Worry or anxiety that interferes with daily life

When it comes to adults, it might be time to consider reaching out to a professional if you:

• Experience excessive worry, feeling hopeless, or difficulty concentrating for two weeks or more

• Have marked changes in personality, eating or sleeping patterns, or difficulty coping with daily activities 

• Are withdrawing from social activities, friends, or family, or feeling disconnected from your usual self

• Have thoughts about harming yourself or others, or if you feel like your life is no longer worth living

• Rely on alcohol, drugs, or other health risk behaviors to cope with difficult emotions or situations

• Struggle to manage your feelings, experience extreme mood swings, or have frequent outbursts of anger or hostility

• Find it increasingly difficult to manage your daily tasks, work, or relationships

Exploring the option of online therapy

Along with other technological advancements in psychology, virtual therapy can make receiving mental health care easier than ever for many people. Online therapy platforms like BetterHelp offer connection to a large pool of licensed, experienced mental health professionals. You can sign up to get matched with a provider who you can then meet with remotely, from the comfort of home on a schedule that suits your needs—without commuting or sitting in a waiting room. 

Additionally, research suggests that online therapy can be as effective as in-person treatment in many cases. For example, one study that surveyed 27,500 patients suggests that individuals who attended online therapy experienced significant symptom reduction when it came to disorders like anxiety and depression.