What is continuity psychology?
According to John Locke (1632-1704), personal identity is related to the survival of awareness or consciousness after death. Locke believed that a person's identity is a matter of psychological continuity. His theory was that one's sense of self or identity has nothing to do with the body or soul but is only based on memory and awareness.
Humans have been trying to answer whether there is life after death for centuries. Some say that consciousness can transfer from one body to another, with identity following it. Others say that when you die, your consciousness disappears. Understanding the connection between these theories and continuity psychology may help you better understand your ideas of life and death.
Questions about continuity psychology
What would happen if someone took your brain and put it into another person's body? Would you still be you? Would your memories and sense of self (consciousness and awareness) now be in this new body? If so, where would the memories and sense of self of the new body's previous brain go? Would they be lost forever if not put into another body, or would they continue indefinitely without being bound to the earth?
What if they put this other person's brain in your old body? Would you both remember that you used to have a different body? Or maybe your old body still holds onto your consciousness, which stays with you to be transferred into this new brain. So, who would you be? Would you be the person with your new brain and old body or the old brain with the new body? These questions formed the basis of the continuity psychology theory, discussed below.
Continuity psychology definition
According to psychology experts, continuity in psychology refers to the ability to continue the same way indefinitely. Gestalt Theory speaks of vision and creating continuous patterns connected to objects uninterrupted forever. Locke's memory theory of your memory being your consciousness is like Gestalt's theory.
However, Thomas Reid (1710-1796) disagreed with these theories, using his memory as an example. He stated that he could not remember everything he had ever done in his lifetime, so memory shouldn't be connected to consciousness.
Even if an individual forgets an event, they are the same person who went through it. For this reason, Reid believed memory couldn't be "who you are" since people cannot remember every event from their whole lifetime.
Memory theories
Reid also brought up another discrepancy with Locke's theory. He asked the question: What is a memory? If you were to tell someone in detail about a memory you had of meeting the Pope when you were younger, it becomes a part of their memories. Would that mean it is their memory? If they remember it and can tell it to someone else, it is now in their memory. However, is it their memory?
Reid believed that the memory of being told of memory is not a memory because memory is only personal if the person who has it is the one who experienced it in the first place.
Continuity in psychology
Psychologists examine what it means to continue and try to answer what happens to your consciousness after you die and whether it means you have had another life before. Those who believe in past lives look at why memories of those lives may no longer exist.
Joseph Butler and consciousness psychology
Joseph Butler (1692-1752) was another philosopher who discounted Locke's theory. Butler believed that Locke did not realize that consciousness existed before identity, so identity cannot be consciousness. Since identity is rapidly changing, it isn't the same throughout life.
Cells are constantly dying in each body, and new ones are replacing them. In addition, people change as they age, which can sometimes be so drastic as to include the loss of extremities or a plastic surgery operation that changes your looks completely. These changes don't change your identity or consciousness.
Continuity vs. stages in psychology
The theory of developmental stages and the theory of continuity are also considered. Various theories have been made about how each person develops from birth to adulthood. Some believe that humans grow and develop continuously, whereas others believe humans grow and develop discontinuously in stages, according to a set schedule.
The ability to continuously and constantly change and grow in the mind and body is the most popular opinion of many experts. These experts believe that children constantly add knowledge and skills as they age, steadily and uniformly. Whether you can see it or not, brains constantly absorb knowledge and ideas, steadily gathering more information for future use throughout our lives. Even older adults with dementia can learn new skills despite losing memory.
Those who believe people grow and learn in stages claim that humans can only learn specific skills at certain times. For example, you might not expect to teach a newborn how to read, no matter how hard you try. However, some people have taught young children and toddlers to read and write. However, there are still average developmental stages for many humans, and those who go outside of these stages may be a minority.
Support options
The mystery of the mind and sense of self has continued for centuries and may continue for many more years. However, psychological continuity can help you explore identity and memory. If you want to discuss these topics further or learn what parts of identity theories you connect with, consider talking with a counselor.
You don't have to have a mental illness to speak to a counselor, and thousands of professionals online and in person can offer support. If you'd prefer an internet-based therapist, you can work with providers through a platform like BetterHelp via phone, video, or chat sessions with a therapist matched to your unique needs. You can attend sessions from home and talk about any topic you're interested in learning in the realm of mental health or daily life.
Studies have also backed up the effectiveness of online therapy. One review found that 71% of participants found Internet therapy more effective than face-to-face, and 90% felt it was more convenient.
Takeaway
What is psychological continuity?
Psychological continuity is based on the continuity theory of normal aging. The theory states that older adults typically maintain the same patterns of activities, behaviors, and relationships as they did when they were younger. Older adults try to maintain continuity of lifestyle by adopting behaviors that are compatible with their age but connected to their past experiences. The theory assumes that an individual's self-concept, such as personality, ideas, and beliefs, remains relatively constant throughout adulthood.
Continuity theory stands in contrast to disengagement theory, another theory of aging that asserts that it is natural and normal for older adults to morally, cognitively, and physically withdraw from society. Another theory, activity theory, builds upon continuity theory and suggests that aging has more positive outcomes when older adults remain active, often doing the things they would do when they were young.
What is an example of continuity theory?
Examples of continuity theory might include any instance of an older adult engaging in tasks, thoughts, or goals that align with their younger self. The theory asserts that older adults maintain similar patterns of behaviors and relationships as when they were young. Specific examples might include a person continuing their daily workout routine, albeit at a less intensive level. Continuity theory also provides a theoretical framework to explain why many middle-aged and older adults remain in contact with friends from childhood or young adulthood.
What is the continuity assumption in psychology?
The continuity hypothesis relates to the continuity theory of normal aging. It states that many psychological processes, such as learning and development through the lifespan, take small, continuous steps. The continuity assumption contrasts the idea of discrete life stages, where individuals “jump” from one identifiable stage to the next.
What is an example of continuity and stages in psychology?
Continuity refers to the theoretical assumption that people age in small, continuous steps rather than taking big, sudden leaps forward in development. In contrast, stages categorize significant differences in development. The developmental gap between two stages is often large. In practice, people likely age slowly and progressively, as predicted by continuity theory. However, researchers and clinicians tend to rely on distinct life stages to make comparisons between individuals and determine a person’s developmental level. Stages allow for non-continuous categorization, unlike continuity theory.
What are the three conditions of continuity?
The three conditions of continuity are discussed in mathematics, not psychology. Specifically, in calculus, a function is continuous if it is defined at a point, its limit exists at that point, and the value of the function at that point equals the value of the limit at that point. It is not related to aging or continuity theory.
What is the basic principle of continuity?
The basic principle of continuity is a concept relevant to physics, not psychology or the continuity theory of normal aging. In fluid mechanics, the continuity principle states that what flows into a specific volume in a defined time, minus what flows out of the volume in the same time, must equal what remains in that volume.
What is the problem with continuity theory?
Continuity theory has been criticized for its definition of normal aging, which is often considered too limited in scope. The theory differentiates between normal aging and pathological aging, meaning it does not consider adults who suffer from chronic illness or whose aging process is otherwise disrupted. It also does not explain how social institutions influence the aging process, either on the individual or cultural level. Finally, continuity theory was formulated around a male model of aging, raising concerns that it does not adequately represent a normal aging process for women.
Why is continuity important in human development?
Psychological continuity likely helps individuals maintain a sense of self-concept and identity. It is possible that staying connected with relationships and activities that began in youth helps older adults manage the aging process with more positive outcomes. As the body begins to weaken with age, some changes will be necessary. If older adults modify activities they did when they were young, such as maintaining a similar workout routine that is less intense, they are likely able to maintain better stability than if they adopted new activities entirely
Where is continuity used in real life?
Both continuity and discontinuity theories help developmental psychologists make distinctions about the aging process across the lifespan. It is also helpful as a way for gerontologists to conceptualize how someone’s previous experiences influence their current thoughts and behavior.
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