Debbie Jordan
I am a licensed counselor in Idaho, Virginia, and Florida with 21 years of experience. I have a strong background in trauma, secondary traumatization, depression, military members, PTSD/anxiety, TBI, different cultures, LGBTQ, and those who have experienced disaster. I use a cognitive-behavioral approach combined with other theories that will be tailored to your specific needs. I have worked with clients who just need a bit of guidance to those who have much more complicated needs. I consider it a privilege to work with people through difficult and/or painful issues that maybe they have never told anyone about. I specialize in being present with clients as we explore new methods for generating a healthier balanced life. I have experience working with clients in the medical field, military, law enforcement, and fire departments. I am outgoing and easy to talk to. I believe that everyone can benefit from counseling at some point in their life. I especially enjoy assisting people with creating a balance in their lives and balancing stress with relaxation and mindfulness. I look forward to meeting with you to explore the possibilities of creating a more balanced and less stressful life.
Jessica Sawyer Horne
Jessica Sawyer Horne, MSW, LCSW, LISW-CP, LCAS, CCS, DCSW, ACSW, is a licensed independent clinician with nearly 16-years of experience in the behavioral health field and overall 18-years in the social work/human services field. Mrs. Sawyer Horne has a Master’s Degree of Social Work, with a specialization in Health/Mental Health, from Clark-Atlanta University, of Atlanta, GA. She also has a Bachelor’s Degree in Sociology/Social Welfare from Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC. Mrs. Sawyer Horne has worked in different treatment setting to include but not be limited to: outpatient behavioral health, emergency services, inpatient psychiatric services, residential substance use program, integrated care, community based services, etc. The populations she has worked with range from children to geriatrics. Mrs. Sawyer Horne’s theoretical orientation is diverse (eclectic) and individualized, to include but not be limited to: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Family Systems Therapy, Psycho-dynamic Approaches, Behavioral Based Therapies, Seeking Safety, Psycho-Education, Mindfulness, Solution-Focused, Supportive Psychotherapy, etc. I am honored that you have chosen to work with me. Please know that I value the counseling relationship. I consider this relationship to be one of mutual, sacred trust.
Jeffrey Williams
Therapy should be interactive and dynamic and this is generated from focusing on a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy approach with a strong grounding in Strengths Perspective. A variety of issues to include Depression and Anxiety, trauma, relationship issues, men's issues, and personality disorders are areas in which I have particular experience in treating. The relationship between therapist and client should be one of trust and competence and it should promote open communication and honesty for change to occur. My clinical experiences began in acute psychiatric treatment facilities and have taken me through a variety of environments and populations to include adolescents as well as adults. I feel the therapeutic relationship can produce change through hard work and guidance as well as creativity and persistence. The therapeutic relationship is one of the most important foundations for change. The following information regarding Live Text Chat sessions is important ..please read over!!! Please take some time to read through the following guidelines. For optimal experience please be sure to have either Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox installed as your browser or have the BetterHelp app on your mobile device. Please be sure to log into BetterHelp at the time of your appointment and remain on the therapy page - your therapist will initiate the live session. If your live session hasn't started even when you are logged in and are on the therapy page, message your therapist to let them know you are ready. Live sessions are usually 30 to 50 mins (please check with your therapist). Please be punctual so you can get the most out of your time with your therapist. If you need to cancel or reschedule your session, please do so up to 24 hours prior to your session start time. This will free up your therapist to help other members.
Angie Dunston
Hello! My name is Angie. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 7 years of experience. I have a Masters degree from Liberty University. I have worked in community mental health, stabilization and emergency services as well as private practice. I have been in the medical field as a first responder and as an educator. My areas of expertise are anxiety, depression, relationship and communication , self esteem, self worth and confidence , addiction , grief and adjustment ; whether it is change of life issues, environmental or stage of development related issues. Hope and encouragement as well as personal empowerment can be yours with therapy. I look forward to working with you to create and develop the best version of yourself meeting your full potential. I have a client centered approach that is a combination of various methods of therapy to customize to each individuals needs and desires. Understanding how feelings and emotions can impact and effect our entire being is important. Realizing your full potential through positive change and empowerment is a desirable goal. I pride myself on being open minded, positive, compassionate and caring. I am a good listener, non judgmental and empathetic with ability to see many different perspectives. I look forward to our working together to help you make positive changes and become the person you want to be! Life just gets busy and hard sometimes and it is helpful to have a non judgmental, open minded person to process through the feelings and emotions and gain improved perspective and understanding of how those feelings impact your life.
Lisa Leong
My approach is supportive and practical, focused on making real, steady progress in ways that feel sustainable. I work with individuals navigating a range of concerns, including anxiety, workplace stress, social anxiety, low self-esteem, communication challenges, conflict avoidance, perfectionism, people pleasing, relationship dynamics, identity questions, grief, and life changes. My goal is to help you feel more connected to yourself and more grounded in the life you want to create. Together, we’ll find tools that work for you so you can meet future challenges with more clarity and confidence. People are complex, and each person brings their own history, strengths, and struggles. I meet you where you are, stay steady through the hard parts, and keep the work collaborative and respectful.
Renee Dupuis
As a licensed therapist in Virginia with over two decades of professional experience, I specialize in supporting individuals navigating complex emotional landscapes. My practice focuses on helping adults struggling with social anxiety, phobias, and substance use challenges. I bring a compassionate, evidence-based approach to addressing stress, anxiety, and substance misuse, creating a supportive environment where clients can explore their experiences and develop meaningful strategies for personal growth. My commitment is to walk alongside you, offering guidance and understanding as you work towards healing and empowerment.
Nicole Hill
I am licensed in South Carolina with 4 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, relationship issues, family conflicts, & parenting issues. I work with my clients to create an open and safe environment where thoughts and feelings can be shared without fear of judgment. It takes courage to seek out a more fulfilling and happier life and to take the first steps towards a change. I am here to support & empower you in that journey.
Marvin Skinner
I am licensed in Virginia with 43 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping Children, Teen and Adult clients with relationship, family, spirituality, career, work issues, stress and anxiety, depression, sexuality and identity issues, coping with addictions, trauma and abuse, & anger management. I use a cognitive behavioral and existential therapeutic approach to help people progress to a more fulfilling life. I work with my clients to create an open and safe environment where thoughts and feelings can be shared without fear of judgment. Taking the first step to sign up for therapy can take courage and I am proud of you for getting started!
William Perks
Hello, I have organized INFORMATIONAL RESOURCES on various online platforms based on a topic of interest, a common need, or related to various lessons, challenges, and experiences during a lifetime. I also manage a YouTube channel for access by clients - "journey associates" with a red sunset background. The content is not my own, but a collection from various sources related to the mind for you to find. Go to the Playlist tab, the tap "View ALL" to look around at the many folders and thousands of links. These resources can be found at - https://www.youtube.com/@findingyourwaytoday I also manage several groups or pages on Facebook related to navigating through the challenges of life, enjoyment, leisure, learning, and cool stuff. One such group to provide information related to coping, caring, and community is "Outside of the Box: Coping Creatively with Whatever" found at https://www.facebook.com/groups/2589259251341840 . Several sub-groups on topics can be found via a request for a menu of titles. Subgroups and pages on Facebook include the following topics: > support for men, > support for women, > support for teens, (as of 07/02/25 I am not accepting teen clients) > guidance for people in their 20s, > adults who contend with ADHD + > the process of bereavement, > recovery from loss and trauma, > relationship dynamics, > parenting and family issues, > individual development by age-groups through the decades, > pretirement (preparation) and retirement (action and execution), > neurological aspects of causation and behavior, > creativity and perception, > community, coping, and self-care, > the loss of precious pets, > the need for maintaining a sense of humor, > photography and sharing videos as a hobby, > self-development and insight via writing and art, > appreciation of nature, and > inclusive spirituality and ethics. If you'd like to learn more, you can send a specific request regarding your interests, curiosities, and related topics to: findingyourwaytoday@gmail.com. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: I am skilled at guiding individuals and couples through a review of • thoughts and behaviors, • history and anticipation, • beliefs and misconceptions, • values and choices, and • goals and objectives toward an increased awareness of options, needs, resources, and results. The application of such knowledge about oneself can lead to choices that are more likely to be experienced as effective, productive, healthier, and rewarding. To provide space for a more structured option, I have limited other descriptive information on my profile. That information is readily shared once a client makes a decision to explore my qualifications, style, specializations, and approach before and during the first session, which, in part, is an interview by the client of myself as a professional of potential selection. PLEASE NOTE In addition to the next section of SPECIAL OFFERING - See the last portions of my profile > DIVERSITY OF EXPERIENCE, > PERSONAL POWER, and > THE PROCESS. A SPECIAL OFFERING of Structure and Focus for an eight-session intensive experience yielding optimized value for your investment of financial resources, of time, of effort, of energy, and of attention. One program is called "I AM READY" for clients who want an infusion of information, activities, skills, and tools related to their given focus and needs. One can choose to stop at the end of four sessions (Part 1), or sooner if the match of myself as a professional with a client does not feel like a good-enough fit. The goal of the eight-session infusion is to prepare you to move forward with or without a counselor after an introduction of structured information, practiced skills, and wisdom-tips as a foundation for healthier self-care and more effective coping. One aspect of this process is to learn how concepts and behaviors are tools to enhance a sense of self and to apply principles for change, maintenance, recovery, and gratification. Another aspect of the process is to identify and name the critical issues that warrant attention as a pathway to: • increase and apply awareness, • reduce personal barriers or situational roadblocks, • enhance coping and action strategies, • broaden perspectives, • deepen understanding, • emphasize strengths and assets, • develop personal confidence and efficacy, • highlight existing assets and resources, toward the outcomes of • increased gratification, gratitude, desired results, • an orientation of where you are at this time in your life, or regarding certain issues, • a process of defining your goals and objectives, and • a measurable clarity of options related to self-care, coping, direction, and resources. You are not obligated to continue after the fourth session, or even the first session, if there does not seem to be a good fit of my professional style and methods with your expectations, needs and goals. Each client’s feedback is requested during or after each session to assure that I am on course with your goals and needs. I suggest rituals that reinforce life-long learning and personal growth. Requirements: individuals and couples who can relate to the meaning and desire to improve or integrate the concepts listed below. The “I AM READY” timeframe of 8 weekly sessions (Parts 1 and 2) is designed for people who are ready to engage in the process and participate in what is needed for effective outcomes. Here are some concepts that represent the acronym of I AM READY. I – Initiative, Intelligence, Insight, Intrinsic, Interpretation, Integrity, Innovative, Investment, Intention A – Ability, Acquisition, Attitude, Accurate, Action, Affirmation, Application M – Mindfulness, Meditation, Maturation, Meaning, Motivation, Mindset, Mentality, Method, Map R – Real-istic, Renew, Redefine, Relevant, Review, Replace, Rethink, Reason, Resourceful, Retain E – Education, Emotion, Energy, Enough, Expression, Experience, Explanation, Expectation, Evaluation A – Assessment, Access, Accentuate, Assess, Articulate, Attribute D – Determined, Dedicated, Decisive, Development, Daily, Dignity, Deliberation, Diverse, Depth, Durable Y – Why? YOUnique, Yield, YES!, YOU can DO this!, Your Goals. If you are ready to engage and commit and follow-through vs window shop or partially use your subscription with missed or non-scheduled appointments, then count to 10 as you assess your degree of readiness and motivation. Then decide if you are ready or not for the Part 1 - four sessions of assessment, support, and education, as a foundation upon which the process will lead you through the subsequent four weeks and into the next chapter of your life. DIVERSITY OF EXPERIENCE and PERSPECTIVES • I have worked with people who struggled with an active addition or who were in recovery from one of the worst chapters of their lives. • I have listened to and supported clients who worked in blue-collar jobs and clients who worked in white-collar positions. • I have provided counsel and education to people who currently or had been employed on Capitol Hill, at the Pentagon, and in The White House. • Clients have also included those who have worked at various federal agencies: FBI, NASA, US Border Patrol, and the Secret Service, law enforcement, clergy, active military personnel and veterans. • I’ve served clients who were first-responders or first-time parents. • I have guided teens who were in high school or transitioning to the experience of college-related demands. • I have been a bereavement counselor to survivors who faced the death (of various causes, anticipated and unexpected, which can result in “complicated bereavement”) - of a partner or spouse, - a parent, a sibling, a grandparent, - a child or a grandchild – both under legal age and as an adult-child. • I have supported people who have contended with invisible, chronic illness or pain, or who have had deteriorating health, and across different points in the lifespan. • I have been a privileged witness to the sacred, private lives of many people who survived adverse childhood experiences, • trauma as an adult, (military, domestic, and circumstantial: victimization, accidents, work-related or other accidents, hospital experiences, the death of a loved-one, witness a situation involving someone else safety, etc.), • and persons who have contended with gradual or sudden heartbreak and grief, • debilitating and diminishing consequential aspects of an anxiety disorder, • the suffering inherent with mood disorders (episodic or chronic in nature), • and the universal issues of being human combined with the developmental tasks required of continued growth and adjustment. • During college I worked at two summer-camps for four years (in MA and NJ) with people who had developmental disabilities, the under-privileged, and the very privileged. • And I have presented workshops at professional conferences and for agency trainings. PERSONAL POWER includes: 1. an awareness of making a series of choices, 2. resulting in executing a decision, and a direction, and 3. the application of knowing what is required for a desired outcome, with 4. the creative process of exploring or creating options. The PROCESS 1. MAKING A DECISION, 2. CHOOSING A HEALTHCARE PROVIDER, 3. TAKING ACTION ON YOUR DECISION and CHOICE 4. ENGAGING IN THE PROCESS of • UNCERTAINTY, • STRUCTURE, • EDUCATION, • SUPPORT, and • ACTIVITIES for • Desired RESULTS. If you want to interview me during a first session, I can then send you more information about how I see my style and approach (humanistic, educational, and eclectic with life-long learning). And if you decide to continue your search for a better fit with a therapist of your choosing, I genuinely endorse and support that path, by removing your connect to me if that be the case. If that would be your decision, I do ask that each client apply direct communication about intentions or needs so as to • “not fill a seat in my electronic waiting room” by clients who are undecided, • as evidenced by not making appointments, or not keeping appointments, • due to not being ready to start and follow-through, and thus, limiting access to my services of clients who are ready with a plan to begin the process. Please be aware that for each when a client who is passive, dormant, or • inconsistent in scheduling and keeping appointments, • there is a counter-productive influence on my availability to potential clients due to a place being taken on my roster of existing clients. You can choose to disconnect your affiliation with me in order to take action with another therapist and/or return when you are ready and able to engage consistently in the process and service for which you are paying a monthly subscription. Sincerely, Will Perks, MSW LICSW in West Virginia LCSW in Virginia LISW-CP in South Carolina
Dr. Jessica Dennis
I am only meeting via live chat messaging at this time, if you would like a therapist with phone/video sessions please consider someone else at this time. I am licensed in Virginia with 10+ years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with career difficulties, executive and professional coaching, anxiety, & compassion fatigue. I work with my clients to create an open and safe environment where thoughts and feelings can be shared without fear of judgment. Taking the first step to sign up for therapy can take courage, and I am proud of you for getting started! Note: I typically see people in the evenings, but I am open to having set chat sessions earlier in the day, message me if you would like to just have chat sessions and we can schedule it earlier.
Alisha Powell
I am licensed in Georgia, Minnesota and Virginia with 11 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with family conflicts, motivation, self esteem, and confidence, career difficulties, & coping with life changes. I work with my clients to create an open and safe environment where thoughts and feelings can be shared without fear of judgment. It takes courage to seek out a more fulfilling and happier life and to take the first steps towards a change. I am here to support & empower you in that journey.
Keith Gostel
As a licensed therapist in Virginia with over three decades of clinical experience, I specialize in supporting individuals navigating complex life transitions and emotional challenges. My practice focuses on helping clients address communication difficulties, feelings of isolation, life purpose exploration, and emotional healing from guilt and shame. I bring a compassionate and nuanced approach to working with adults experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, and addiction-related concerns. My therapeutic style is particularly attuned to midlife challenges, caregiver stress, and family dynamics. I create a supportive environment where clients can explore their experiences, develop meaningful insights, and cultivate personal growth. My commitment is to provide thoughtful, evidence-based guidance that honors each individual's unique journey. I believe in empowering clients to understand themselves more deeply and develop practical strategies for emotional well-being and personal transformation.
Liliana Cruz
Life often brings uncertainty, difficult decisions, and periods of hardship—but you don’t have to navigate them alone. I work to provide a fresh perspective, thoughtful feedback, and compassionate guidance to help bring clarity and hope during challenging times. I have experience supporting individuals coping with trauma, anxiety, depression, and substance use. My approach is person-centered, solution-focused, and grounded in cognitive-behavioral therapy, with techniques tailored to each client’s unique needs and goals. I also incorporate EMDR to help clients process and heal from traumatic experiences. With several years of experience, I strive to offer support that feels both meaningful and practical. I work collaboratively with clients to explore patterns, beliefs, or experiences they may be holding onto that could be hindering progress. Together, we identify new perspectives and tools that support lasting change and help clients move toward a more fulfilling life. I believe healing begins with feeling safe, seen, and understood. My goal is to create a warm, judgment-free space where clients feel comfortable sharing their stories openly. In this space, we work together to strengthen emotional and mental well-being and move toward a more balanced, satisfying life. I am fluent in both Spanish and English and am an intermediate-level Brazilian Portuguese speaker. Having been born and partially raised in the Dominican Republic and having lived in Curaçao and Brazil, I bring a strong sense of cultural awareness and sensitivity to my work. I am committed to incorporating diversity and inclusivity in all aspects of care and to making mental wellness accessible to those who seek it. While I hold a Christian worldview, I fully respect each client’s individual beliefs and work collaboratively within their personal framework to support healing and growth.
Sarah Allen
As a licensed therapist serving clients in Virginia, I specialize in supporting individuals navigating complex emotional landscapes. My approach centers on helping people develop resilience, self-compassion, and meaningful strategies for personal growth. I have expertise in addressing stress, anxiety, addiction challenges, self-esteem concerns, and life transitions. I serve my clients with unconditional positive regard because we can all benefit from grace. My therapeutic practice focuses on creating a compassionate, affirming space where clients can explore sensitive topics like social anxiety, body image, trauma recovery, and personal identity. I'm particularly committed to supporting individuals working through feelings of guilt, shame, and abandonment while helping them rediscover their inherent worth and life purpose. Drawing from evidence-based practices, I collaborate with clients to develop personalized healing strategies that honor their unique experiences and cultural backgrounds. My goal is to empower individuals to cultivate self-love, build emotional strength, and create transformative pathways toward holistic well-being.
Find a Therapist Near You in Windsor , Virginia
Finding a licensed therapist near you in Virginia can be an important step toward improving your mental health and overall well-being. Whether you’re dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, stress, or major life changes, working with a qualified mental health professional can offer meaningful support.
With a population of Virginia_POPULATION, Virginia is home to people with diverse mental health needs across urban, suburban, and rural communities. Online therapy makes it easier to connect with a therapist near you without being limited to nearby offices. BetterHelp connects you with licensed therapists authorized to practice in Virginia, allowing you to attend sessions online from the comfort of your home.
Why work with a licensed therapist near you?
Working with a licensed therapist near you ensures that your provider meets state licensing requirements and professional standards in Virginia (VA). Licensed therapists use evidence-based approaches to help individuals manage emotional challenges, develop coping skills, and work toward personal goals.
People seek therapy for many reasons. Some are navigating ongoing mental health concerns, while others want guidance during stressful periods or major life transitions. You do not need a mental health diagnosis to work with a therapist. Many individuals seek therapy to improve communication, strengthen relationships, manage stress, or gain greater self-awareness.
Online therapy can be especially helpful for people living across Virginia_COUNTIES, where access to in-person mental health care may vary by location.
What concerns can therapists help with?
Therapists on BetterHelp support adults across Virginia with a wide range of mental health concerns and life challenges, including:
- Anxiety and stress
- Depression and mood-related concerns
- Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- Grief and loss
- Relationship and family challenges
- Life transitions and adjustment concerns
- Self-esteem and confidence
- Job stress and burnout
- ADHD-related challenges
- Sleep concerns
- Parenting stress
- Eating disorder support
Therapists use approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and other evidence-based methods tailored to individual needs.
Online therapy vs. in-person therapy in Virginia
When searching for a therapist near me in Virginia, many people compare online therapy with traditional in-person care. Online therapy offers several potential advantages:
- Greater accessibility: Attend sessions from anywhere with an internet connection
- Reduced wait times: Many people are matched in as little as 24-48 hours, faster than typical in-person availability
- Flexible scheduling: Sessions that fit around work, family, or school commitments
- Expanded provider options: Access licensed therapists across Virginia, not just nearby offices
Research shows that online therapy can be effective for many mental health concerns. Online therapy may also reduce barriers such as transportation challenges, long commutes, or limited local availability, especially in larger or more rural counties across Virginia.
Finding a therapist near me that accepts insurance
Many people looking for a therapist near me in Virginia want to know whether insurance is an option.
Many providers on BetterHelp now accept major insurance carriers in select states. In many states, certain therapists on BetterHelp may be in-network with specific insurance plans. Coverage depends on your plan, provider, and therapist availability.
When sessions are covered, insured members typically pay an average copay of about $19 per session. Coverage varies by state and provider availability, so it’s important to check your in-network status directly on the BetterHelp site.
If insurance coverage is not available, BetterHelp’s flexible subscription model remains an option, with online therapy typically costing $70 to $100 per week, billed weekly or monthly. Additional discounts or financial aid may also be available for a lower price.
How BetterHelp helps you find the right therapist in Virginia
BetterHelp simplifies the process of finding a therapist near you in Virginia without requiring you to search through tons of profiles on your own.
Here’s how it works:
- Complete a brief questionnaire about your needs, preferences, and goals
- Get matched with a licensed therapist authorized to practice in Virginia (VA)
- Begin online therapy sessions through video, phone, or live chat
BetterHelp works with one of the world’s largest networks of licensed therapists, with over 30,000 qualified providers globally. Many members are matched in as little as 24 to 48 hours, and 93% of user preferences are met during the matching process.
You can request a new therapist at no additional cost if your needs or preferences change.
Therapists near you in Virginia
Below, you’ll find licensed therapists authorized to provide online therapy to adults across Virginia, including residents in Virginia_COUNTIES.
Each provider meets state licensing requirements and has experience supporting clients with a wide range of mental health concerns using evidence-based therapeutic approaches.
Please note: Therapists on BetterHelp in Virginia do not provide psychiatric medication management or formal diagnoses.
Frequently asked questions about finding a therapist near me
How much does therapy cost near me?
Therapy costs vary depending on provider and location. In-person therapy sessions may cost $100 to $200 or more per session. BetterHelp offers online therapy subscriptions that typically range from $70 to $100 per week, billed weekly or monthly, depending on factors such as location, source, preferences, and therapist availability. Additional discounts or financial aid may also be available for a lower price. BetterHelp now accepts major insurance plans in select states and members pay an average copay of $19 per session. Coverage varies by plan, provider, and therapist availability. You can check coverage on the BetterHelp site.
Does BetterHelp accept insurance?
Yes. Many providers on BetterHelp now accept major insurance carriers in select states. In many states, certain therapists on BetterHelp may be in-network with specific insurance plans. When sessions are covered, insured members typically pay an average copay of about $19 per session. Coverage varies by plan, provider, and therapist availability. You can check coverage on the BetterHelp site.
Is online therapy effective?
Yes. Research shows that online therapy can be effective for many mental health concerns, including anxiety, depression, stress, and relationship challenges. Online therapy allows you to connect with a licensed therapist without commuting to an office.
Do I need a diagnosis to see a therapist?
No. You do not need a mental health diagnosis to seek therapy. Many people work with a therapist for stress management, relationship concerns, grief, life transitions, or personal growth.
How quickly can I start therapy?
Many people are matched with a licensed therapist in as little as 24 to 48 hours after completing the initial questionnaire. Match times may vary based on preferences and therapist availability.
Can I switch therapists if it’s not the right fit?
Yes. If you feel your therapist is not the right match, you can request to be matched with another licensed provider at no additional cost. You are able to do so through the BetterHelp user portal and select switch therapists if needed.
Is online therapy private and secure?
Online therapy through BetterHelp allows you to communicate with your therapist in a discreet setting through video, phone, or messaging tools.